Subject Pronouns,

Subject pronouns are those pronouns that perform the action in a sentence . They are I, you, he, she, we, they, and it. These nouns perform the main action in the sentence. English grammar requires that the subject come before the verb in a sentence (except in questions).

I bake a cake every Friday for my children.

Rules,

Rule 1: To make regular nouns plural, add ‑s to the end.

book – books

bike – bikes

Rule 2: If the singular noun ends in ‑s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add ‑es to the end to make it plural.

dress– dresses

bus – buses

dish – dishes

bench – benches

box– boxes

freeze– freezes

Rule 3: In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.

fez – fezzes

gas –gasses

Rule 4: If the noun ends with ‑f or ‑fe, the f is often changed to ‑ve before adding the -s to form the plural version.

wife – wives

wolf – wolves

Exceptions:Some words that do not follow this rule

roof – roofs

belief – beliefs

chef – chefs

chief – chiefs

Rule 5: If a singular noun ends in ‑y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending to ‑ies to make the noun plural.

baby – babies

hobby– hobbies

However, if the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make it plural.

toy– toys

boy – boys

Rule 6 : If the singular noun ends in ‑o, add ‑es to make it plural.

potato – potatoes

tomato – tomatoes

Exceptions:

photo – photos

piano – pianos

video- videos

******** For some words, you can apply the standard pluralization for words that end in -o or not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are correct: For example,

volcanoes or volcanos

mango or mangoes

Rule 7: If the singular noun ends in ‑us, the plural ending is frequently ‑i.

cactus – cacti

focus – foci

Rule 8: If the singular noun ends in ‑is, the plural ending is ‑es.

analysis – analyses

ellipsis – ellipses

Rule 9: If the singular noun ends in ‑on, the plural ending is ‑a.

phenomenon – phenomena

criterion – criteria

Rule 10: Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.

sheep – sheep

fish - fish

Irregular Nouns

Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize these or look up the proper pluralization in the dictionary.

child – children

goose – geese

man – men

woman – women

tooth – teeth

foot – feet

mouse – mice

person – people

A and AN,

We use a/an (articles) with singular countable nouns.

• My sister has a cat and my brother has a rabbit.

• There is an iguana on the tree.

A is used when the next word starts with a consonant sound.

• A panda

• A garden

• A teachers

• A university (The start of the word university sounds like YOU, a consonant sound).

AN is used when the next word starts with a vowel sound.

• An orange

• An igloo

• An avocado

• An hour (the letter H in this word is silent so it sounds like it starts with a vowel).

Some and Any

We use SOME and ANY with plural nouns and uncountable nouns.

Some is generally used in positive sentences.

Any is generally used in negative sentences.

Let's look at some examples:

• I have some information for you about the trip next Sunday. .
  (Positive - Uncountable)

• I don't have any information for you about the trip next Sunday.
  (Negative - Uncountable)

• We met some boys at the football game today.
  (Positive - Plural Countable)

• I didn't see any boys at the football games today.
  (Negative - Plural Countable)

• I think he will have some time to speak to you today.
  (Positive - Uncountable)

• I don't think he will have any time to go for a walk today.
  (Negative - Uncountable)

You can also use SOME and ANY in a sentence without a noun if the meaning of the sentence is clear.

• I didn't eat any dessert but Peter ate some. (dessert)

Questions with Some and Any

Generally, we use ANY in questions.

• Do you know any restaurants around here?

But, SOME is used in the following circumstances:

1. When we are offering something.

• Would you like some tea?

• Do you want some sugar for your tea?

2. When we are asking for something.

• Could I have some sugar, please?

• Can I have some sauce with that?

3. When we are suggesting something.

• Why don't we watch some movies on TV tonight?

Forms of the verb to be- Positive Form

I am a student.

She is a student.

He is a student.

It is a cat.

We are students.

They are students.

You are students.

Forms of the verb to be- Negative Form,

Examples,

I am not a student.

She is not a student.

She isn't a student.

He is not a student.

He isn't a student.

It is not a cat.

It isn't a cat.

We are not students.

We aren't students.

They are students.

They aren't students.

You are students.

You aren't students.

Forms of the verb to be- Positive Form

Question Answer : yes Answer: No

Am I late? yes, I am No, I am.

Are you clever? yes, I am No, I am

Is he happy? yes, he is. No, he isn't.

Is she hungry? yes, she is. No, she isn't.

Is it cold? yes, it is. No, it isn't.

Are we late? yes,we are. No, we aren't.

Are you sleepy? yes, you are. No, we aren't.

Are they great? yes, they are. No, they aren't.