English Verb Forms

The root form of a verb is used to create other forms of the verb when conjugated. This is always true with regular verbs, but may not apply with irregular verbs, depending on the tense. The examples below illustrate this concept.

Learning to use the "-ing," the infinitive ("to" + base form of the verb), and the past participle (in regular verbs, this is formed by adding "-ed" to the end of the verb) verb forms correctly can be challenging. When do you use "finishing" versus "to finish" versus "finished"? The information on this page can help.

English Verb Forms

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2. The "-ing" form can function as a noun. These nouns are called gerunds and can be the subject of a clause, followed by a third-person singular (he/she/it) form of the verb. The gerund in the following sample sentences is bolded, and the verb is italicized:

In a regular verb, the past participle is formed by adding "-ed". However, there are many irregular verbs in English, and these past participle forms must be memorized. Here are four common uses of past participles:

Sometimes both the "-ing" and the past participle ("-ed") forms can function as adjectives. However, each form has a different meaning. The "-ing" and the past participle is bolded in the example sentences below. Notice that the "-ing" adjective refers to a thing and the past participle ("-ed") adjective refers to a person.

So I know a TON of vocabulary enough to understand maybe 70% of tv shows and even more in writingMy pronunciation is clear and people can understand me when I say certain words or small present tense sentences. The only thing is I do not know verbs at all, I could create present tense sentences okay but I don't even know what the past tense forms look or sound like. I can basically say I understand spoken and written Spanish but can not speak or write.

Many people say don't learn grammar just learn vocab and immerse yourself and you will pick it up by seeing the patterns all the time but that just hasn't been working for me. What should I do to figure the verbs out? Is this a common problem?

Aside from helping create a perfect verb tense, past participles (as well as present participles) can also help form a participial phrase, which is when the participle form of a verb acts like an adjective in a sentence.

The conjugator uses conjugation rules for irregular verbs and models. You can click on the corresponding sections to learn more.

Modals such as "will" and "should" are also included. The page British and American English highlights some important usage differences.

The conjugator allows you to conjugate any verb as long as it corresponds to an existing conjugation model. They may be imaginary verbs, they may contain spelling mistakes or often be buzz verbs, not yet aggregated to our conjugation tables like crowdfund, retweet.

Conjugate verbs in English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Hebrew, Russian, Arabic, Japanese, Portuguese with Reverso Conjugator. Learn conjugation rules and consult the list of conjugation models. Translate verbs in context or find their definition.

The ERP repetition priming paradigm has been shown to be sensitive to the processing differences between regular and irregular verb forms in English and German. The purpose of the present study is to extend this research to a language with a different inflectional system, Spanish. The design (delayed visual repetition priming) was adopted from our previous study on English, and the specific linguistic phenomena we examined are priming relations between different kinds of stem (or root) forms. There were two experimental conditions: In the first condition, the prime and the target shared the same stem form, e.g., "ando-andar" [I walk-to walk], whereas in the second condition, the prime contained a marked (alternated) stem, e.g., "duermo-dormir" [I sleep-to sleep]. A reduced N400 was found for unmarked (nonalternated) stems in the primed condition, whereas marked stems showed no such effect. Moreover, control conditions demonstrated that the surface form properties (i.e., the different degree of phonetic and orthographic overlap between primes and targets) do not explain the observed priming difference. The ERP priming effect for verb forms with unmarked stems in Spanish is parallel to that found for regularly inflected verb forms in English and German. We argue that effective priming is possible because prime target pairs such as "ando-andar" access the same lexical entry for their stems. By contrast, verb forms with alternated stems (e.g., "duermo") constitute separate lexical entries, and are therefore less powerful primes for their corresponding base forms.

Arabic shares this linguistic feature with other Semiticlanguages such as Hebrew, which has seven different verb forms. Thebasic rule of derivation in Quranic Arabic is that nearly all words arederived from a three root (triliteral) or a four root(quadriliteral) pattern system. The Arabic letters f ayn lm( ) are typically used asplaceholders in verb patterns to denote three different radicalletters, since is aprototypical verb that means "to do" or "to act".This is denoted by F-3-L in figure 1 below.Roots in Arabicconvey a basic meaning which then allow for more complex semanticconcepts to be derived, whether these are verbs or nouns. Based on thissystem nouns and verbs can have up to fourteen to fifteen forms,although though ten is the norm for most roots.

For example, take the three root concept of D-R-S which givesthe basic meaning of "to study". By adding letters to the three roottemplate (before, in between or after the radicals in the stem) othermore complex meanings are formed such as "school", "teacher", "lesson" oreven "legislation". In figure 2 below the x's are the extra lettersthat can be added to the original 3 root letters. These additional letters do not have toall added at the same time. Notice that the root is still present in the template and hasnot changed. In some forms, the root letters are doubled, and in other forms vowels may beadded or elongated.

Using derivation system of roots and patterns, nouns (singular, dual, plural),and verbs (singular, dual, plural, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person,imperatives and verbal nouns) are derived in an almost mathematicalway, leaving little room for confusion as to the desired meaning of theword. Of course the ideal model of this derivation is the Quran, and asyou look through the Quran you will see these in play. In the remainder of this section,examples are quoted from the Quran, so that it becomes easy to see theforms. These derived forms allow for the language to reflect the stateof how a particular action (i.e. a verb) was performed. The derived forms evenindiciate how many individuals participated in the action, and if itwas reciprocal or not.

To illustrate the idea of derived forms, the examples below use athree letter root (although not all roots feature in all verb forms)and lists the first ten standard forms (I to X). When annotating Arabicverb forms, the convention in the Quranic Arabic Corpus is to use Romannumerals, e.g. IX denotes a form nine verb or noun. In the examples below,root letters are capitalized and their meanings are shown in brackets.The first column in the table below specifies the template used in thederivation, as found in standard referencesof traditional Quranic Arabic grammar.Letters shown in capitals denote a radical that is part of the originalroot used in the derived verb form. Example words are taken from the Quran.You can click on an Quranic word below to see details of the verse incontext.

In the second example, the verb is causative, so that he made himself"want to harm".In the third example, he was not of the losers before this action of killing,but now was transformed into that state.Example 1:

In the first example on the right,DH-a-KK-a-R-a"to remind"is form II, and now in form V it is from the point of view of theobject, i.e. "he received the reminder".In the second example, the verb here ist-a-GH-a-YY-a-R-a"to undergo change", so these rivers in paradise do not undergo any change ofstate or taste even if ones tries to do that (in relation to form II:GH-a-YY-a-R-a"to cause to change").Example 1:

Quadriliteral verb forms have four radical root letters.These are much rarer than triliterals.In Arabic grammar, quadriliteral verbs have four standard forms, I to IV. The table below illustrates examplequadriliteral verbs from the Quran.

Only two tenses are conveyed through the verb alone: present (sing") and past (sang"). Most English tenses, as many as thirty of them, are marked by other words called auxiliaries. Understanding the six basic tenses allows writers to re-create much of the reality of time in their writing.

Present perfect infinitives, such as the examples below, set up a sequence of events. Usually the action that is represented by the present perfect tense was completed before the action of the main verb.

In linguistics, conjugation (/knden/[1][2]) is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration of form according to rules of grammar). For instance, the verb break can be conjugated to form the words break, breaks, broke, broken and breaking. While English has a relatively simple conjugation, other languages such as French and Arabic or Spanish are more complex, with each verb having dozens of conjugated forms. Some languages such as Georgian and Basque have highly complex conjugation systems with hundreds of possible conjugations for every verb.

Verbs may inflect for grammatical categories such as person, number, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood, voice, possession, definiteness, politeness, causativity, clusivity, interrogatives, transitivity, valency, polarity, telicity, volition, mirativity, evidentiality, animacy, associativity,[3] pluractionality, and reciprocity. Verbs may also be affected by agreement, polypersonal agreement, incorporation, noun class, noun classifiers, and verb classifiers.[4] Agglutinative and polysynthetic languages tend to have the most complex conjugations, albeit some fusional languages such as Archi can also have extremely complex conjugation. Typically the principal parts are the root and/or several modifications of it (stems). All the different forms of the same verb constitute a lexeme, and the canonical form of the verb that is conventionally used to represent that lexeme (as seen in dictionary entries) is called a lemma. e24fc04721