Why

The top priority goal of health care should be patient safety. Preventing medical errors is one of the solutions to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, Makary and Daniel estimated that medical errors were the third crucial cause of death in the USA in 2016 [1]

Current Simulation Environment

The literature review primarily utilized PubMed and Google Scholar. Initial search terms included laparoscopic surgery, minimally invasive surgery, surgical training, training device, simulator, and simulation. Key terms were then extracted from these searches. [3]

• Physical reality, virtual reality, and augmented reality

• Haptic feedback

• Performance and proficiency assessment

• Haptic guidance

• Instrument tracking

• Portable, take home, and at home

Robotically assisted minimally invasive surgery has also become common in a wide range of procedures. 

For robot-assisted surgery skill training, trainees can use actual robotic systems or virtual reality (VR) simulators (e.g., da Vinci skill simulator and Mimic dV-Trainer) [2]

Current prototype in the research area, is the computer-assisted surgical trainer (CAST). [3]

Current Remote and asynchronous learning lacks effective interaction. [4]

[1] Makary, M. A., & Daniel, M. (2016). Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US. Bmj, 353.

[2] Abboudi, H., Khan, M. S., Aboumarzouk, O., Guru, K. A., Challacombe, B., Dasgupta, P., & Ahmed, K. (2013). Current status of validation for robotic surgery simulators–a systematic review. BJU international, 111(2), 194-205.

[3] Hong, M., Rozenblit, J. W., & Hamilton, A. J. (2021). Simulation-based surgical training systems in laparoscopic surgery: a current review. Virtual Reality, 25(2), 491-510.

[4] Gaete, M. I., Belmar, F., Cortés, M., Alseidi, A., Asbun, D., Durán, V., ... & Varas, J. (2023). Remote and asynchronous training network: from a SAGES grant to an eight-country remote laparoscopic simulation training program. Surgical Endoscopy, 37(2), 1458-1465.