At the March 2023 SEAC general meeting, SEAC Assembly Member and Enphase Energy Director of Codes & Standards Mark Baldassari presented on the technical capabilities of power control systems (PCS) and applications permitted in the National Electrical Code (NEC) and the UL 1741 Standard for inverters, controllers and other equipment used with grid-interactive distributed energy systems.
This article summarizes several key points from Baldassari, who originally proposed adding PCS to the NEC at the Photovoltaic (PV) Industry Forum in 2016 and led the inclusion of PCS in the 2020 edition of the code.
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We will highlight how PCS can eliminate the need for main electric service panel upgrades when adding energy storage to existing PV systems. We will also note that PV systems with PCS can add far more generating capacity than would otherwise be permitted by code.
PCS can also limit power exports to the grid and imports from the grid, adjusting to changes in net energy metering that affect the return on investment of PV and energy storage systems. Thousands of systems in Hawaii are making use of PCS to comply with successor tariffs for distributed energy resources after Hawaii ended the use of net energy metering.
In 2019, UL published a Certification Requirements Decision (CRD) covering terms and requirements for evaluations and listing of PCS products. A technical committee, an advisory group previously known as a standards technical panel, has reviewed and commented on the CRD.
One use case for PCS is to have a single controller limiting ampacity on the main busbar. Another use case envisioned by the next iteration of UL 1741 integrates multiple controllers that communicate with each other while carrying out different functions.
On a branch circuit, PCS make it possible to oversubscribe power production sources the same way PCS allows you to oversubscribe sources on the main busbar. PCS can also limit current to allow for more generation or load connected to the busbar on a subpanel and a feeder going back to the main panel.
In addition to allowing multiple PCS functions and control points within a PCS, UL 1741 changes provide for the use of circuit controllers to allow the use of uncontrolled sources and loads within a PCS.
ISO 13849-1:2015 provides safety requirements and guidance on the principles for the design and integration of safety-related parts of control systems (SRP/CS), including the design of software. For these parts of SRP/CS, it specifies characteristics that include the performance level required for carrying out safety functions. It applies to SRP/CS for high demand and continuous mode, regardless of the type of technology and energy used (electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, etc.), for all kinds of machinery.
NOTE 3 The requirements provided in this part of ISO 13849 for programmable electronic systems are compatible with the methodology for the design and development of safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control systems for machinery given in IEC 62061.
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There are several different types of communication hardware used in industrial automation and control systems. Each device works to monitor and control processes in various industries such as manufacturing, power generation, oil and gas, and water treatment.
These technologies help improve efficiency, accuracy, and safety in industrial operations by providing real-time data, automation capabilities, and intuitive interfaces for operators to interact with.
A PLC, or Programmable Logic Controller, is a specialized computerized device used in industrial automation. It is designed to monitor inputs, make decisions based on programmed logic, and control outputs to automate various processes and machinery.
PLCs are widely used in industries such as manufacturing, power generation, and oil and gas. They are designed to withstand harsh environments and are capable of operating reliably in high temperatures, humidity, and vibration.
The key components of a PLC include a central processing unit (CPU), input modules to receive signals from sensors and switches, output modules to control actuators and devices, and a programming interface to create and modify the logic.
PLCs are programmed using specialized software that allows users to create ladder logic diagrams or use programming languages such as ladder diagram (LD), function block diagram (FBD), or structured text (ST). The programs define the behavior and functionality of the PLC, specifying how inputs are processed, decisions are made, and outputs are controlled.
A Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is a device used in industrial automation and control systems to gather data from sensors, switches, and other field devices, and transmit that data to a central control system. RTUs are typically installed at remote locations or sites where direct monitoring and control are required.
The primary function of an RTU is to interface with various field devices and collect data on parameters such as temperature, pressure, level, flow rate, voltage, and current. This data is then transmitted to a supervisory system, such as a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, for monitoring, control, and analysis.
RTUs are equipped with multiple input and output channels, allowing them to interface with a wide range of sensors and actuators. They can communicate with various types of field devices, such as pressure transducers, temperature sensors, motor starters, circuit breakers, and more.
RTUs may also have built-in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs) to convert analog signals to digital format and vice versa. They facilitate the seamless integration of field devices with the central control system, enhancing operational efficiency, minimizing downtime, and ensuring the safety and reliability of critical processes.
RTUs are designed to operate reliably in harsh environments, including extreme temperatures, high humidity, and electrical noise. They are typically housed in rugged enclosures to protect them from environmental factors.
A Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is a technology that allows humans to interact with machines or systems. It typically includes a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables users to control and monitor the operation of the machine or system.
HMIs are commonly used in various industries, including electrical power distribution systems, to provide operators with real-time information and control over the equipment. They can be in the form of touch screens, buttons, keyboards, or other input devices, and they often display data such as voltage levels, current readings, alarms, and status indicators.
These devices are typically installed at various points within the power system, such as substations or switchgear, and are capable of performing a wide range of functions, including fault detection and isolation, voltage regulation, and data logging.
IEDs play a crucial role in modern power systems by providing advanced automation and communication capabilities, improving system reliability and efficiency. Some examples include: Relays, Power Monitors, Automatic Transfer Switches (ATS), and Digital Fault Recorders.
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It is a system used in industrial automation to monitor, control, and gather data from various processes. SCADA systems are commonly used in industries such as power generation, oil and gas, water treatment, and manufacturing.
SCADA systems offer several advantages, including real-time monitoring, centralized control, data logging, historical data analysis, and alarm management. They help improve efficiency, safety, and reliability in industrial processes by providing operators with valuable information and allowing for remote control and automation.
SCADA systems can monitor and control various parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, voltage, and more. They enable operators to quickly identify and respond to abnormalities, potential faults, or emergencies, reducing downtime and improving overall productivity.
Data collected by SCADA systems can be stored in databases for further analysis, trending, and reporting. This data can help identify patterns, optimize processes, and make informed decisions for maintenance and optimization. SCADA systems also play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of personnel and equipment by providing real-time alarm notifications for abnormal conditions or critical events.
Despite all of these advances, CAN FD is still completely backwardly compatible with standard CAN 2.0. Today, CAN FD is found in very high-performance vehicles, but it is expected to migrate across all or most vehicles eventually.
Simple and low cost: ECUs communicate via a single CAN system instead of via direct complex analog signal lines - reducing errors, weight, wiring, and costs. CAN chipsets are readily available and affordable.
It is an ideal protocol when distributed control of a complex system is required. It reduces heavy wiring and thus costs and weight. The cost of the chips is low, and implementing CAN is relatively easy because of the clean design of the protocol.
Today, applications for CAN are dominated by the automotive and motor vehicle world, but they are not limited to that. CAN is found across virtually every industry. You can find the CAN protocol being used in:
When you flip a switch in your house to turn on the lights, electricity flows through the switch to the lights. As a result, the switches and wiring need to be heavy and insulated enough to handle the maximum expected current. The walls of your house are filled with this heavy, insulated wiring. 152ee80cbc