Lectures

Seven Key Concepts of Engineering

1. Definition of Engineering
2. The Engineering Design Process
3. Nth-Generation Designs
4. Current Practices in Engineering Design
5. Writing Technical Report
6. Teamwork
7. The Value of Perseverance in Design

Raspberry Pi - Requirements

• Raspberry PI 3B+ or 4B (4B requires micro HDMI cable)
• MicroSDHC 32 GB memory card with adapter
  • Only Supports High Capacity (HC), Not Extended Capacity (XC)
• Power Supply
  • 3B+: 5V 2.5A with micro-USB connector
  • 4B: 5.1V 3A with USB-C Connector

Your name matters

• Your name is important to the projects you participate in because:
  • Gives you credit for your effort
• The Name you give can be trademarked

Ten Attributes of engineering

1. Problem solving skills
2. Effective communicating skills
3. Highly ethical and professional behavior
4. An open mind and positive attitude
5. Proficiency in math and science
6. Technical skills
7. Motivation to continue learning
8. Knowledge of business strategies
9. Computer Literacy
10. Understanding of world affairs and and cultures

Engineering Design Process

• Assessment
• Problem Formulation
• Abstraction and Synthesis
• Analysis
• Implementation

Nth - Generation Design

• Engineering design does not end with optimal solution because of the compromises that one usually must make to obtain an acceptable balance among conflicting design goals
• Process is repeated again and again

Six Engineering Design Practices

• Life Cycle Design
• Design for manufacturer and assembly
• Design for quality
• Faster design cycles
• engineering without walls
• Design for exports

Needs Assessment

• Looking for the safety and quality of life
• Improve existing products and system

Maslow:

• Created Maslow's hierarchy of needs
  • Theory of psychological health predicate on fuilfing innate human needs
  • Image placed here

Zipf's Law:

• Zipf's law is an empirical law formulated using mathematical statistics that refers to the fact that many types of data studied in the physical and social sciences can be approximated with a Zipfian distribution, one of a family of related discrete power law probability distributions.

IEEE:

• Focus on the society most basic physical needs

Three Basic Types of Problems:

• Problem of Prediction:
  • Results/prediction system behavior by applying equation, physical law, tool of data analysis
• Problems of explanation
  • Seeks the causes for phenomenon or observed behavior
• Problems of invention:
  • Develop a new and effective solution to a problem

Focusing on Others:

• Focus should focus on others to reduce the likelihood of a design error at any or all of the three different level:
  • Concrete level
  • Process level
  • Value/attitude/perspective level

People-First Language:

• Being respectful to people with disabilities

Web Accessibility:

• Practice of removing barriers that prevent interaction with or access to websites by people with disability

WCAG:

• Web Content Accessibility Guideline part of a series of web guidelines for publishing to the web

Braille:

• Language used for the blind

Design Proposal:

• Used to answer the following questions:
  • Objective (why?)
  • Background (who? where?)
  • Methodology (how? when?)
  • Expected results (what?)
  • Costs (how much will it cost?)

The Heilmeier Catechism

Business Case Template

WBS and Gant Chart

Outline

• Focus on function
• Formulating the problem
• Kepner-Tregoe Decision Analysis
• Kepner-Tregoe Evaluation Analysis

Focus on Function

• Engineers should formulate a specific problem to develop a specific solution
• Describing the problem in terms of a particular solution can limit creativity and can often lead to simple modifications in the existing solutions rather than a break through design
• A problem statement should focus on the function to be perform by any viable solution

Formulate the Real Problem

• Steps to diagnosis:
  1. The dangers of misdirected search
  2. The statement-restatement technique
  3. Determine the source and the cause: Why-Why diagrams
  4. The revision method
  5. Present state and desired state through Duncker diagrams
  6. Whats wrong with it?
  7. Bench marking and best practices: investigating existing solutions
  8. fresh eye approach

Dangers of Misdirected Search

• Properly formulating a problem is the most critical step in the engineering design process
• A problem statement can be incorrect to solve, one can use heuristic that seem promising through numerous problem-solving efforts and trials
• Nevertheless, a heuristic that led to success in the past does not guarantee success in the future

Statement-Restatement Technique

• Steps to diagnosis:
  1. Determine the real problem in contrast to the stated problem
  2. Determine the actual constraints or boundaries in contrast to the given or inferred boundaries
  3. Identify meaningful goals in contrast to a set of given or inferred goals
  4. Identify relationships between inputs, output, and any unknowns

Source/Cause Approach

• Engineers need to focus on the source or cause of the problem, just as physicians need to treat the cause of an infection and not simply its symptoms
• A Why-Why diagram consists of the problem or situation under consideration on the left and branches to the right each with a possible underlying source of the problem , then repeatedly to the right identifying more specific causes
• Alternatively, a top-down fault tree diagram using Boolean logic breaks the potential underlying causes for a problem into specific possibilities

Revision Method

• The focus of the design effort can occasionally revert to the product or solution rather than the specific function to be achieved by the solution if
  • The product is expected to face increased competition from similar products in the near future -> patent protection on the design is about to expire
  • One has exhausted all efforts in reformulating the problem
  • One Needs to stimulate creative thinking to generate new design concepts
• By changing to a focus on the product, one can recognize additional needs of the customer and develop a revision of the existing design

Suffering or Happiness

• Suffering: Physical pain in the narrow sense, or includes physiological pain in the broad sense
• Opposite of suffering is pleasure or happiness
• Bohman Irani, "You're only as happy as you choose to be," Instagram, 2019-02-03
• Frank Crane 1861 - 1928 attributed to Abraham Lincoln 1809 - 1865, "Folks are usually about as happy as they make up their minds to be," the Syracuse Herald, 1914-01-01

Emotional Intelligence

• Emotional Intelligence (EI), also known as emotional quotient (EQ), is the capability of individuals to
  • Recognize their own emotions and those of others
  • Discern between different feelings and label them appropriately
  • Use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior
  • Manage and/or adjust emotions to adapt to environment or achieve one's goals

The Duncker Diagram

• One can specify the present state (PS) and the desired state (DS) of the process or system under development
• Then modify the PS statement, DS statement, or both until there is a satisfactory correlation between the two
• Duncker diagram is graphical tool that can be used to develop a set of matching PS and DS statements
• Duncker diagrams focus on developing solution at three different levels: general, functional, and specific solutions

Benchmarking and Best Practices

• In benchmarking, a company compares its performance against competitors or other groups to identify areas for possible improvement
• In best practice, a more focused form of benchmarking, one identifies the finest methods and performance techniques within an industry
• Using benchmarking or best practice, one investigate if there are similar problems that have been solved by others
  • Why were earlier solutions successful or not?
  • How or why does your problem differ from others?
  • Could any existing solutions be adapted to solve your problem?

Fresh Eye Approach

• Using the "Fresh Eye" approach, one explains the problem to another who is not on the design team
• Such a discussion may lead to a deeper understanding of underlying aspects of the problem, or may provide a new perspective of the situation that will lead to a more precise and correct formulating of the problem

Kepner - Tregoe Analysis

• 1981 - Charles Kepner and Benjamin Tregoe developed a four-step method that can be used for engineering design
  • Situation analysis (SA) - timing, and impact in high, moderate, or low level of concern/urgency: determine what we know, which tasks should be performed, and in what order
  • Problem Analysis (PA) - identify, location, timing, and magnitude: Determine cause of the problem or sub problem
  • Decision Analysis (DA): Determine the actions needed to correct the subproblem and/or eliminate the cause of a current subproblem
  • Potential problem analysis (PPA): Determine the actions needed to prevent any recurrences of the subproblem and/or the development of new problems

Structuring the Search for a Solution:

• Explain the need for structure the search for a solution to a problem
• Brute-force search:
  • Possible solution is not practical because of the limitations on the amount of time, effort, and money that can be invested in a project
  • Engineers work with specific deadline and search for solution that have rigid constraints
  • Design and develop solution:
    • Evaluate both the current problem state and desired final solution state
    • Develop a strategy for successfully traversing the path from problem to solution
• Eliminating impossible solution paths
• Design data-collection and information gathering efforts so that most useful information can be extracted
• Final solution state by identifying the desirable elements, i.e., functional capabilities or characteristics that should be part of any solution
• Inspiration from TED (Technology, Entertainment, and Design)
• General design goals:
  • Safety
  • Environmental protection
  • Public acceptance
  • Reliability
  • Performance
  • Ease of operation
  • Durability
  • Use of standard parts
  • Minimum cost
  • Minimum maintenance and ease of maintenance
• EX: Space pen, attendance tracking, and Range Rover Evoque ClearSight Ground View

CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture):

• Parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) model created by bad boys at Nvidia
• Python is indent sensitive
• Typically, tabs are used or 4 spaces

Tensor Processing Unit (TPU):

• A tensor processing unit mounting a heat sink assembly is a application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) developed by Google for machine learning:
  • EX: TensorFlow and AlphaGo
• Graphics processing unit (GPU), TPU designed for higher volume of reduced precision computation with higher input/output

Tree of Life: databases rooted at the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth

Questions about Consciousness:

• Really hard: Why is anything conscious?
• Even harder: How do physical properties determine quality?
• Pretty hard: Distinguish conscious and unconscious system?
• Easy: How does the brain process information and how does intelligence work?

Cocktail Party Problem:

• Air traffic controllers must separate the intermixed voices of many pilots over a single loudspeaker -- just as party goer needs to focus on a single conversation in a noisy room
• Combo of both high and low

Some times the solution is very simple and not in our demo:

• Glow Stick
• Add the Pokemon Go stuff to contributions

Mixed Reality (MR)

• mix of reality and Virtual Reality (VR), encompassing both Augmented Reality (AR) via immersive technology

Brain Computer Interface (BCI):

• Direction for brain based computing is popular

Haptic perception can be kinesthetic or tactile perception

• Kinesthetic: relating to a person's awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body by means of sensory organs (proprioceptors) in the muscles and joints.
• Tactile:

IEEE Standards University

Block chain:

• Serve as an open, distributed ledger that can record transaction between two parties in verifiable way against a double spending problem
• 32 bit golden nonce proof of work in Bitcoin mining
• Dark Mode
• Photosensitive epilepsy

Raspberry Pi Demo (Django and Flask):

• Flask comes with Raspian
• Computer Grock (Important book)
• Grock = loves/Russia
• Apache can be used with WordPress
• Go to laptop
• Disable auto login → First line of defense
• Temple → template
• Terminal -> Need two of them and Browser is need

Outline

• Science: the foundation of technical knowledge
• Source of technical knowledge
• Protection of intellectual property (IP)

Technology Readiness Levels

• Technology readiness levels (TRL) provide a method of estimating technology maturity of critical technology elements of a program during the acquisition process
• TRL are based on a scale of 1-9 with 9 being the most mature
• Originally conceived at NASA in 1974 and formally defined in 1989
• The original definition included seven levels, but in the 1990's NASA adopted the current nine-level scale that subsequently gained widespread acceptance

Googol to Googolplex to Google

• 1920: Prof. Edward Kasner of Columbia University sought a name for 10^(100) and his nephew, Milton Sirotta suggested Googol
• 1940: Edward Kasner and James Newman coauthored "Mathematicians and the Imagination" and introduced googol for 10^(100) and googolplex for 10^(googol)
• 1996: Larry Page and Sergey Brin called their search engine "BackRub" for its analysis of the web's back links
• 1997: Larry's office mate, Sean Anderson, suggested a new name, Googolplex; Larry shortened it to Googol and misspelled it to the famous Google

Copyright Infringement

• Use of works protected by copyright law without, permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder
  • Ex:
    • reproduce
    • distribute
    • display
    • perform protected work
    • derivative works
• Disputes are resolved through:
  • direct negotiation
  • notice and take downs
  • litigation in civil court

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

• U.S. copyright law of 1998-10-28 that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and criminalizes:
  • Production and dissemination of technology, devices, services intended to circumvent measures that control access to copyrighted works known as Digital Rights Management (DRM)
  • The act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself
• DMCA heighten the penalties of copyright infringement on the internet
• DMCA amended the Title 17 of the United States Code to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting liabilities of the providers of online services for copyright infringement by their users

Copyright and Software Licenses

• Under U.S. copy right law, all software in source code or object code except software in the public domain is copyright protected
  • Github, GitLab, Bitbucket, Google Open Source
  • Open Source Initiative: definition, licensees, education
  • philosophy of the GNU Project - free software means that the software allows the users freedom to:
    • Run the program
    • Study and change the program source code
    • Redistribute exact copies
    • Distribute modified versions
• GNU General Public License (GPL)

Copyleft

• Strategy of utilizing copyright law to pursue the policy goal of fostering and encouraging the equal and inalienable right to copy, share, modify, and improve creative works of authorship
• Copyright holders of creative works can unilaterally choose these licenses for their own works to build communities that collaboratively share and improve the copyleft works
• Collaborator License Agreement (CLA) defines the terms under which intellectual property has been contributed to a company or project, typically Open Source Software (OSS)

Public Copyright License

• The Berne Convention for Protection of Literary and Artistic Works i an international agreement governing copyright that was first accepted in Berne, Switzerland 1886
• A Creative Commons (CC) license allows creators to communicate which rights they reserve and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators
  • 1. Freedom to access the "source-code" and use it for study, change
  • 2. Freedom to redistribute copies
  • 2.1 Right to quote (redistribute copies of fragments)
  • 3. Freedom to distribute copies of modified versions to others

Patent History

• The word patent derives from latin "patere" which means "to lay open" and make available for public inspection
• 1421: Filippo Brunelleschi acquired a three year patent for a barge with hoisting gear that carried marble from Pisa to Florence along the Arno River to build the Florence Cathedral
• 1450: Patents were systematically granted in Venice, especially in glass making, and Venetian immigrants sought similar patent protection in their new homes leading to diffusion of patent systems to other countries
• 1449: King Henry VI issued first recorded letter patents in England with a 20 year monopoly to John of Utynam, a master glass maker who stained windows with a new method
• 1474: Venetian Patent Statute established in the Republic of Venice as the first statutory patent system
• 1790: Samuel Hopkins issued U.S. patent X000001 for a new apparatus and process of making potash and pearl ash

Criteria for Utility Patents

• Novelty
  • The invention must be demonstrably different from the prior art that is all work in the field of the invention
  • Inventors are expected to be familiar with this prior art material
  • Inventors must demonstrate
    • The earliest date of conception of the invention
    • Diligence in reducing it to practice without any period of abandonment
• Usefulness
  • Desired objectives must be achieved by the invention
  • there must be practical utility associated with the invention that is specific, demonstrable, and substantial
• Non-obviousness
  • The invention must have required more than ordinary skill to design or the mere addition/duplication of components found in a parameter design
  • The new application of an old design may be patent-able

Invention Record Keeping

• Records should be written and kept in a bound laboratory notebook with numbered pages
  • Entries should be indelible ink and dated
  • Any delays in conducting the work should be explained in writing
  • The advantages and uses of the invention should be identified, together with complete descriptions of the design components and specifications
  • All related paper should be saved
  • If correction is necessary, line through initial entry and change the date
  • Later additions should be entered in an ink of different color
  • Sign each page as the inventor and enter the date
• Obtain competent witness of the recording
  • Preferable two or more people
  • inventors cannot serve as witnesses to their own inventions
  • Each witness should sign and date each page of the inventors notes and sketches
  • witness should not be related to inventor
  • Witnesses should be easily approachable
  • Witnesses should have the technical training to understand the invention

Patent Disclosures

• Title
• Abstract that summarizes the disclosure and claims
• Specification that identifies
  • Any appropriate previous patents or applications of the inventor that are related to the current application
  • The technical field to which the invention belongs
  • The prior art of the invention to expedite the search and examination of the application by the USPTO
  • The problem and the way in which it has been solved by the invention including all advantages over the prior art
  • Any figures or drawings as a needed for a complete description
  • The invention, in the form of a sufficiently detailed and complete description of both its form and its users
  • The claims to be protected by the patent
• Oath or declaration in which the applicant states
  • Belief that he or she is the original and first inventor of the described invention
  • His or her citizenship

Patent Claims

• The claims contained in a patent disclosure determine the legal coverage to be provided
• Each claim is written as a single sentence, beginning with "I (we) claim" or "what is claimed is" only once
• Claims are numbered from the most general to the most specific
• The claims should describe all the of the advantages of the design
• One should strive to generate as many claims as possible for an invention to maximize legal protection provided by the patent
  • The claims must be sufficiently narrow and precise as required by the patent law
  • They should also be broad enough to protect all appropriate aspects of the inventor's intellectual property

Standard-Essential Patents

• Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) such as IEEE require members disclose letters of assurance (LOAs) and license standard-essential patents (SEPs) to users of standards on terms that are "fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory" (FRAND)
  • Must offer license to those patents to all applicants requesting licenses, and cannot pick and choosing among licenses
  • May not seek, or threaten to seek, injunctions against potential licenses who are willing to negotiate for licenses
  • May insist that licenses offer them reciprocal licenses under their own patents
  • May arbitrate disputes over FRAND terms
  • May charge a reasonable royalty that is based, among other things, on the value that the patented technology contributes to the smallest salable patent-practicing unit (SSPPU) of the overall multi-component product
  • Should ensure that the subsequent purchases of these patents agree to abide by the same commitments

Outline

• Abstraction
• Importance of modeling in abstraction and design
• Models as purposeful representations
• Model formats and types
• Approximations and Occam's razor
• Developing a model
• Sketching
• Functional graphs and charts
• Finite element, process simulation, and solid models
• System and process models
• Model enhancement

Abstraction and Modeling: (Zoom)

• ZOOM: ALT + U opens participants
• Abstraction is obtained conceptual perspective of the problem and possible solutions using models
• Models computerized simulation for design and analysis of engineering solutions due to:
  • Models = scaled miniature used to test engineering design
  • Formats: symbolic, graphical, computer-based, and mathematical
  • 2D or 3D = iconic

Example Models:

• Talks about Architectures
• Talked about weird thing on side of EAS building
• Pendentive Dome (1500
• Sharding: small part of a while that partionns that separates very large databases into smaller, faster, and easy to manage
• Uses bull dissection as
• Urban Canyons:
  • Place where street is flanked by building on both sides creating a canyons
  • Effect temp, wind, air quality, and radio reception
  • Problems with GPS
• Friis Transmission Equation:
• Fresnel Zones and Radii
• Moore's Law:
  • 3 um, but soon will reach bottleneck
• Metcalfe's Law: n(n-1)/2
  • used to model facebook and tencent user growth
• Reed's Law:
  • 2^n-n-1

Famous People:

• Erdos Pal (1913-1996):
  • The Erdős number is the number of "hops" needed to connect the author of a paper with the prolific late mathematician Paul Erdős. An author's Erdős number is 1 if he has co-authored a paper with Erdős, 2 if he has co-authored a paper with someone who has co-authored a paper with Erdős, etc.

Infectious Disease -> import math, 4*math.log(2*32700000+1,3)

Hyper-operation

Hypertext and Hyperlink:

Uber

Approximation and Occam's Razor:

• Model should never need to be complex to achieve a purpose
• Occam's razor is the problem-solving principle that states that "Entities should not be multiplied without necessity." The idea is attributed to English Franciscan friar William of Ockham, a scholastic philosopher and theologian who used a preference for simplicity to defend the idea of divine miracles.
• Godel, Escher, Bach (GEB):

KISS Principle

• "Keep it simple, stupid"
• "Keep it stupid simple"
• "Keep it short and simple"

Developing a Model

• Identify the specific results that the model is expected to provide
• Consider both the types of models and the formats that could be used to represent the system or process, together with the reasons for selecting model types and formats
  • Is the model useful relative to the purpose for which it was developed? if not, modify the model accordingly
  • Does the model accurately describe the system or process under consideration? if not, identify those characteristics in the process or system that are either not included in the model or that are incorrectly embedded within the model

Model Enhancement

• Explain the model to another person, this may lead to a deeper understanding of the model's relative strengths and weaknesses
• Identify boundaries or constraints on the model: Are these realistic and consistent with the problem to be solved
• The model reflects various simplify assumptions: Are these assumptions reasonable? if not, adjust the model, discard any unreasonable assumptions and make the model more complex
• Develop additional simplifying assumptions and modify the model accordingly
• Are all known facts and data properly embedded within the model? if not, why?
• Obtain additional information if necessary
• Are there similar problems/models available? if so, how does the model differ from these other models? why?
• Use another format to model the process or system and compare the two formats: Which is the more accurate representation and why?

Outline

• Synthesis in engineering design
• Barrier to synthesis
• Design by accident
• Creativity stimulation techniques
• Morphological analysis
• Cloud computing and blockchain
• Internet top-level domains (TLDs)
• Country-code TLDs and domains hacks

Synthesis in Engineering Design

• Synthesis in engineering design requires creative thinking to combine ideas and things into new, meaningful, and practical forms
• Synthesis generally follows careful preparation and laborious execution
• Engineer must be creative within the design specifications or boundaries of the problem to be solved
• A synthesis may suddenly occur in the designer's mind with definite awareness of assured suitability for a particular new development

Cognitive IoT

• Cognitive IoT is the use of cognitive computing technologies in combustion with data generated by connected devices and the actions those devices can perform
• Provides capabilities for IoT apps and solutions to have cognition
• Allows IoT apps and solutions to exhibit characteristics such as
  • Deep natural language understanding
  • Accurate and evidence based decisions
  • Relating and linguistic analysis
  • Maps euphemism or colloquial terms
  • Deeper understanding of user intrinsic preferences and characters
  • Communicating with resonance
  • Knowledge and relationships discovery
  • Continuous learning

Natural Computing

• Natural computing encompasses three classes of methods
  • Take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques
  • Use computers to synthesize natural phenomena
  • Employ natural materials
• The main fields of research are
  • Artificial neural networks
  • Evolutionary algorithms
  • Swarm intelligence
  • Artificial immune systems
  • Fractal geometry
  • Artificial life
  • DNA computing
  • Quantum computing

Distributed Ledger Technology

• A Distributed Technology (DLT) is a consensus of replicated, shared, and synchronized digital data geographically spread across multiple sites, countries, or institutions
• There is no central administrator or centralized data storage
• A peer-to-peer network is required as well as consensus algorithms to ensure replication across nodes is undertaken
  • Could be used to track and verify any kind of digital exchange
  • Provides a way to track the unique history of the individual devices, by recording a ledger of data exchanges between it and other devices, web services and human users
  • Enables smart devices to become independent agents, autonomously conducting a variety of transactions, an autonomous vehicle that can diagnose, schedule, and pay for its own maintenance
• One form of distributed ledger design is the blockchain system, which can be either public or private

Blockchains to IOT:

• Slide 38

Internet Top- Level Domains:

• Several original TLD (.com, .org, and etc) were created

Outline

• Ethical and legal consideration
• Modern engineering codes of ethics: self-regulation
• Common violations
• Resolving conflicts among the guidelines
• Product liability: legal costs of failure
• Principles of product liability law
• Designing against foreseeable uses and minuses
• Anticipating the effects of change in a product

Honor System at Stevens

Idea of the Torch Bearer explained

Engineers must take legally and morally liable for the consequences of their work

Examples of law and ethics: slides 8-18

Common Ethical Violation:

• Failing to protect the public
• Did not disclose facts and figures

Product Liability:

• Determined based on state level and may vary from state to state

Privity Protection No Longer:

• Privity shield manufacturers from lawsuits by requiring that the product had to have been purchased by buyer directly from the defendant

Force Majeure:

• Common clause in contracts to essentially free both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of both parties

Outline

• Failures on Engineering
• Three levels of failure
• Dealing with hazards
• Hazard analysis
• Hazard avoidance

Types of Data Analysis:

• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Descriptive (What has happened?
• Diagnostic (why did it happen?)
• Predictive (What could happen?)
• Prescriptive (What needs to happen?)

Look at Physical Flaws

Errors in Process

Errors in Perspective/Attributes

Five Whys:

• Ex:
• Why? Battery is dead
• Why? The alternator is not functioning
• Why? The alternator belt broke
• Why? The belt is beyond useful service life and has not been replaced
• Why? The vehicle was not maintained according to the recommended service schedule

Root Cause Analysis (RCA):

• Finding the root cause of faults/ or problem in four steps

A3 Problem Solving

• Way of problem solving that was used at Toyota

Fault Tree Analysis (FTA):

• Uses block diagrams to explains where fault occurs

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA):

• FTA uses top down approach
• FMEA uses a bottom up approach
• Combine of the two is best thing for failure analysis

Famous People:

• Water A Shewhart
• W Edwards Deming
• Kaoru Ishikawa: came up with Diagnostic Diagram (slide 20)
• Vilfredo Pareto

Six Sigma:

• Improvement efforts, defects per million opportunities

Methodologies: defines, measure, analyze, improve, control (DMAIC) and define, measure, analyze, design, and verify (DMADV)

When dealing with Hazards there are certain law such as national electrical code, national electrical safety code, and motor vehicle safety standards

Regrettable inventions first chlorofluorocarbons

Circular Economy:

• Starts with recycling, make, use, reuse, remake and cycle continues

Hazard Analysis:

• Multiple levels from 1 being minor to 7 being multiple deaths

SecDevOps is the process of integration secure development best practice and methodologies into development and deployment

Chaos Engineering is the discipline of experimenting on a software system in production in order to build confidence in the system's capability to within stand turbulent

Current Problem now:

• Electric Scooters
• Zoom-bombing
• Corona virus Infectiousness
• Face Mask Fitter

Outline

• Evaluating alternative designs
• Rank-ordering the design goals
• Assigning weighting factors to design goals
• Rating the alternative designs
• Decision matrix
• Kepner-Tregoe (KT) decision and potential problem analysis
• Value and subjectivity of a decision matrix
• Economic analysis

Apply design evaluation via tools:

• Decision matrices and the Kepner-Tregoe (KT) analysis method to prioritize design goal
• Rank different designs
• Determine best solution
• Identify the relative strength and weakness

Recommendation:

• Book mark ECE senior Design Site
• Review expensive report on Google Sheet and TABER Form
• Download Stevens EXPO app

Rating Alternative Designs:

• Uses measurable parameters to estimate the success or failure for each design to get goal
• Using something like Excellent: 10, Good: 8, Satisfactory: 6, Mediocre: 4, Unacceptable: 2, and failure: 2

The value of a decision matrix:

• View various designs
• Achieve the goal by finding the right solution
• Revisit/revise strengthens and weakness
• Eventuality Structure:

Wear lapel pin on the left side of a jacket and on right side wear a name tag

Presented examples with quad-copter propellers with two clockwise and counterclockwise properer

SWOT Analysis:

• Used to help a id the strengthen, weakness, opportunities, and threats related to business competition or project planning

Economics Analysis:

• Capital Expenditure:
  • Engineering, furnish, and installing involved in a project
• Operational expenditures:
  • Operations, administration, and management
• Stuff explored in economics class
• Economics principles

Outline

• Transforming a design concept into reality
• Concurrent engineering and design for X
• Poor implementation can lead to failure
• Materials selection in design
• Common fabrication materials
• Importance of material testing
• Manufacturing processes
• Construction processes

Transforming a Design Concept Into Reality

• The world around us is filled with object and systems that have been fabricated or constructed to satisfy needs and improve the quality of life
• Fabrication and construction often require a series of tasks to be performed with great precision and consistency
• Certain designs such as infrastructure, high speed rail, ships, airplanes, rockets, and space crafts are produced in limited quantities because of substantial costs, limited demand, and size
• The engineer must consider the practical challenges associated with the implementation and production of a design during the earlier phases of the iterative design process

Engineers must consider the practical challenges associated with the implementation and production of a during the earlier phases of the iterative design process

Purple Cow: book that advocate that companies produce remarkable products and target people who are likely to spread word of mouth about the product

Hack Vs. Kludge

Minimum Viable Product (MVP)

• This is a version of a product with just enough features to satisfy early customers and provide feedback for future product development
• Gathering insights from an MVP is often less expensive than developing a product with more features, which increases costs and risk if the product fails, for example, due to incorrect assumptions
• The term was coined and defined in 2001 by Frank Robinson, CEO of SyncDev, and then popularized by Steve Blank and Eric Ries
• MVP includes these key elements:
  • Functionality: the set of features must deliver clear value to the user
  • Design: the design of the MVP must be up to the highest industry standard
  • Reliability: production quality standard needs to be achieved by rigorous testing
  • Usability: the MVP must be easy to use and intuitive

Concurrent Engineering and Design for X

• Concurrent engineering is simultaneous development of all aspects of a design from the initial concept to its manufacture, maintenance, and disposal
• Design for X or DFX seeks to achieve
  • Superior or at least satisfactory performance of all design functions
  • Minimum cost, maintenance, and repair
  • High level of quality and reliability
  • Fastest time to market
  • Environmentally safe products and processes
  • Design that can be updated and upgraded as necessary

Design for Manufacturing and Assembly

1. Employ a division of labor
2. Use interchangeable or standardized parts
3. Use assembly line operations
4. use machine whenever appropriate
5. Use modular design and sub-assemblies
6. Use rapid prototyping
7. Minimize the number of parts
8. Minimize the part variations
9. Design parts to be multi-functional
10. Avoid separate fasteners
11. Minimize the number of assembly operations
12. Maximize tolerance for easy assembly
13. Provide access for easy assembly

Design for Reliability

1. Reliability is the probability that a device will satisfactorily perform a specific function for a specified period of time under given operating conditions
2. A higher number of units fail early in their expected operating lifetime because of manufacturing defects, damage while in distribution or storage, or errors in installation
   • Many of potential early failures can be identified before entering the marketplace by a series of stress tests
3. During the products expected useful operating lifetime, some units can be expected to fail at a constant lambda resulted from the stress or load to which the unit is subjected is greater than its strength or capacity to perform at that level
   • The engineers shall anticipate most of the operating demands and performance limitations of the design through data collection, experimental investigation and analysis

Design for Quality

1. Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture, and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations of the customers
2. Design for quality aims at minimizing the potential impact of variations in a products manufacture an doperation
3. Proactive quality assurance tools include
   • Failure mode and effects analysis (FMFA)
   • Ishikawa cause and effect diagrams
   • Fault tree analysis (FTA)
   • Taguchi engineering method to reduce any undesirable variability in the manufacture of a system at three levels of sequential development: system design, parameter design, and tolerance design
   • Benchmarking to examine and adapt the best practices within the company, at competing firms, and throughout the world
   • House of quality charts to correlate customers and technical requirements

Design for Packaging

1. Provide aesthetic appeal and brand name recognition for the product
2. Protect the product contents from spoilage or damage
3. Provide the customer with broad range of product sizes and formats
4. Help establish a set product standards and measure of quality
5. Prevent the misuses of the product
6. Provide closures that are inexpensive to manufacture and easy to open

Design for maintainability, disassembly, and to recycle

1. Design for maintainability ensures that a product will continue to operate properly with only minimum maintenance and repair, perhaps through periodic preventive maintenance
2. Design for disassembly and design for recycle-ability focus on the end of a product's operating life to select materials, fasteners, and sequential assembly operations that allow obsolete or deteriorated units to be safely and economically reused, recycled, or discarded

Dependability

• In system engineering, dependability incorporates availability, reliability, maintainability and since 1980's safety and security have been added to measures of dependability
  • Availability: readiness for correct service
  • Reliability: continuity of correct service
  • Maintainability: ability for a process to undergo modifications and repairs
  • Safety: absence of catastrophic consequence on the user and the environment
  • Security is a composite of Confidentiality, Integrity, and availability
    • Confidentiality: the absence of unauthorized disclosure of information
    • Integrity: absence of improper system alteration
  • security is sometimes classed as an attribute but the current view is to aggregate it together with dependability and treat dependability as a composite term call dependability and security
  • In software engineering, dependability is the ability to provide services that can defensibly be trusted within a time period

User Experience (UX)

• A persons perceptions and response that result fro the user or anticipated use of a product, system or service
• In webdesign, user experience provides a platform to cover the interests of all stakeholders in marketing, branding, visual design, and usability, making websites easy to use, valuable, and effective for visitors

Story-boarding

1. A story board is a graphic organizer in the form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic, or interactive media sequence
2. The story boarding process was developed by Walt Disney Productions
3. Story boarding is used in (usually):
   • Software development
   • instructional design
   • Web development

• Usually costs less to make changes to a storyboard than an implemented piece of software

Privacy Management

• Privacy management for fair authorized processing of personally identifiable information (PII)
• Collection, storage, use, organization, recording, alignment, combination, disclosure, by transmission, consultation, erasure, destruction, alteration
• Any data that identifies an individual or from which identity or contact information of an individual can be derived

Software Release Life Cycle

1. Pre-alpha: activities include requirement analysis, software design, software development and unit testing
2. Alpha: test is the first software testing that usually ends with features freeze or feature complete
3. Beta: test focuses on reducing impacts on users
4. Release Candidate: is code complete that no new code to be added
5. Stable Release: production release has passed all tests
6. Release to Manufacturing: is ready to be delivered
7. General Availability: for commercialization and purchase
8. Release to the Web: uses the internet for distribution
9. Support: patch or service pack include a set of updates, fixes, or enhancements
10. End-of-Life: software to be deprecated and no longer supported

Material Selection in Design

• What materials are available for selection?
• How will each material, if selected, aid or hinder efforts to achieve the performance requirements and specifications?
• Which manufacturing processes are available?
• For each material under consideration, how would the corresponding manufacturing process affect the production of the design in terms of costs, precision of work, fabrication time, assembly, plant space and equipment, use of personnel, and waste of raw materials?

Manufacturing Process

1. Solidification
2. Deformation
3. Material Removal
4. Polymer
5. Particular
6. Joining
7. Heat and Surface treatment
8. Assembly