대한부동산학회지 2024년 09월 게재
주저자 : 정서윤
교신저자 : 우명제
The Impacts of Relational Population Influx on Local Economies in Depopulation Areas
Abstract
South Korea has recently shown growing interest in the idea of "relational population," which was originally introduced in Japan. This concept is seen as a possible solution to the issue of regional depopulation, which is caused by a reduction in the overall population and the concentration of people in the capital region. Although numerous studies have concentrated on constructing related populations, it may be premature to generate such populations without solid evidence of their efficacy. Hence, the objective of this study is to examine the influence of the relational population on the economic conditions of areas experiencing a decline in population, employing multiple regression analysis. The findings suggest that the presence of producer-oriented relational population has a beneficial impact on the per capita Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), which is a crucial measure of the local economy. However, it was discovered that the presence of a consumer-oriented relational population has a favorable impact on tourism spending. These findings establish a basis for improving the efficiency of programs designed to avoid the disappearance of local municipalities by utilizing the interconnections between populations. Furthermore, they provide valuable perspectives for formulating efficient approaches to harnessing relational population.
국토계획 2023년 12월 게재
주저자 : 현해준
교신저자 : 우명제
The Inpacts of Compact City characteristics on COVID-19 Spreading Force: Focused on the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Abstract
The compact city attempts to address complicated challenges like as traffic congestion, reckless proliferation, and environmental contamination with high-density urban planning, diverse land use, and the activation of public transit. Nonetheless, it has been suggested that the compact city is susceptible to infectious disease disasters due to the increased contact and interaction between individuals as a result of COVID-19's global influence. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to objectively investigate how it affects the reproduction number, a measure of COVID-19's disseminating capacity, by simultaneously assessing a number of compact city-specific variables. The results show that the reproduction index exhibited a distinct pattern compared to the COVID-19 spread index from the previous study, and the effect of each characteristic element on the transmission power of COVID-19 was also distinct. The floating population density had a detrimental effect on the spread of COVID-19, although residential density had a positive effect. Among land use factors, land use compaction and urban green space ratio were shown to have a negative influence, whilst the number of bus stops per 1,000 people was found to have a positive effect on the reproduction index.
국토계획 2023년 6월 게재
주저자 : 박승관
교신저자 : 우명제
A Study on the Regional Resilience from Economic Crises and Their Influencing Factors
Abstract
Owing to urbanization and overcrowding in the imbalanced state of the country because of rapid economic growth, severe social side effects have occurred. Against this background of the spatial environment, nationwide and global crises that impede regional economic growth have appeared repeatedly and are likely to repeat in the future. In this situation, the focus should be on the concept of resilience, a process that responds appropriately to crises and resists and recovers from eternal shocks, not simply economic growth and decline. For these reasons, this study analyzed the resilience patterns and causes of each region's crises for Korea's representative economic emergencies, quantitatively calculated resilience for each region, and examined the factors that affected resilience through comparison between regions and crisis periods. Therefore, resistance and recoverability were calculated for each region, and then, the regions were divided into clusters according to their characteristics. In addition, an analysis related to resilience was conducted for each period and cluster. The analysis results showed that expanding employment centers distributed in various regions, securing local self- sufficiency, increasing employment stability, strengthening regional productivity, upgrading local businesses, and fostering innovative industries affected strengthening regional economic resilience. Thus, this study provided policy implications for future spatial planning and growth management policies, such as multiple nuclei spatial systems, balanced economic development, and regional economic resilience measures, such as an expansion of specialized industries.
한국지역개발학회지 2022년 11월 게재
주저자 : 신학철
교신저자 : 우명제
A Study on the Employment Dynamics of Living-type Service in Seoul
Abstract
This study suggests quantitative indicators in the analysis of employment dynamics such as entry, exit, expansion, and reduction. A living-type service is a low-valued added industry centered on labor inputs and a typical type of perfect competition market. It is characterized as a high proportion of marginal self-employment, likely to be exited from the market owing to inefficiency. We investigated which employment dynamics could increase employment via allocation and net growth index by using the census of employment restructured to panel data. The results revealed that the living-type service accounts for a fifth of all employment in Seoul and has labor market flexibility fluctuating half of it. Additionally, employment increases only by entering establishments within one year regardless of their employment size. It is hard for policymakers to decide whether the direction should be forcing out or protecting marginal self-employment. However, innovative self-employment should be entered into the markets for continuous growth of the industries. Furthermore, policymakers are recommended to develop a digital tool to adjust social and technical changes for self-employment facing difficulties.
국토계획 2022년 10월 게재
주저자 : 윤종진, 우명제
교신저자 : 주재욱
A Study on the Employment Dynamics of Living-type Service in Seoul
Abstract
This study suggests quantitative indicators in the analysis of employment dynamics such as entry, exit, expansion, and reduction. A living-type service is a low-valued added industry centered on labor inputs and a typical type of perfect competition market. It is characterized as a high proportion of marginal self-employment, likely to be exited from the market owing to inefficiency. We investigated which employment dynamics could increase employment via allocation and net growth index by using the census of employment restructured to panel data. The results revealed that the living-type service accounts for a fifth of all employment in Seoul and has labor market flexibility fluctuating half of it. Additionally, employment increases only by entering establishments within one year regardless of their employment size. It is hard for policymakers to decide whether the direction should be forcing out or protecting marginal self-employment. However, innovative self-employment should be entered into the markets for continuous growth of the industries. Furthermore, policymakers are recommended to develop a digital tool to adjust social and technical changes for self-employment facing difficulties.
지역연구 2021년 6월 게재
주저자 : 신학철
교신저자 : 우명제
The Impact of Compact City Indicators and Commuting Network on Commuting time: Focused on Suburban Cities in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Abstract
Long-distance commuting is a problem as people living in Gyeonggi-Incheon contitue to commute to Seoul in the Seoul metropolitan area. To solve this problem, policies in the region are aiming for a self-sufficient zone formation plan and a compact city. However, urban problems caused by such long-distance commuting continue. This appears to be due to excessive density and Seoul-dependent networks. However, existing studies have focused on individual cities despite the importance of inter-city interactions, and had limitations in not considering the characteristics of the Seoul-dependent networks. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the effect of the compactness on commuter travels by comprehensively considering the interactions between cities within the region using multiple regression. As a result of the analysis, it was found that that commuting efficiency increases when a network of more than a certain size is formed, and the results imply that policies should focus on fostering network centers in Incheon and Gyeonggi regions, which are outside the metropolitan area, and consider to expand the transportation networks at the regional level.
한국지역개발학회지 2020년 6월 게재
주저자 : 신학철
교신저자 : 우명제
The Impacts of Location Characteristics of Industries Related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Balanced Development
Abstract
Since the concentration in the capital region of Korea can cause a national inequality, many policies, regulating locations of industries in the region, have been implemented. Industrial revolutions, such as the 4th industrial revolution, have been the driving force for growth of cities. Many studies related to the 4th industrial revolution have been conducted, while most of them have only analyzed their location status without quantitative analysis. It is known that the fourth Industrial revolution related industry, which can promote economic growth, is concentrated in a specific region. This phenomenon can cause a unbalanced development at the national level. In this line, this study analyzes the impacts of the industries related to the fourth industrial revolution on the balanced national development using the beta convergence model. The results show that many of the 4th industrial revolution-based industries are also located in metropolitan areas outside the capital region, while the majority of them are concentrated in the capital region, implying that the metropolitan areas outside the capital region have a potential to play an important role in balancing the national development. However, the impacts of the fourth revolution related industry on their regions are limited to the positive effect of manufacturing on population, calling for the consideration of various types of industry and spatial unit when a policy for balanced development is developed.
지역연구 2020년 6월 게재
주저자 : 신학철
교신저자 : 우명제
Study on the reverse commuting phenomena considering spatial mismatch: In the non-Seoul metropolitan area
Abstract
Recently, metropolitanization and suburbization have been occurring mainly in large cities, and spatial missmatch between residential and employment areas has increased. Spatial miss-match is different in the metropolitan cities and other metropolitan cities in Korea. Seoul and other metropolitan cities have grown to become centers of business functions, while other metropolitan cities have been transformed into residential function centers. Accordingly, The reverse commuting phenomenon is occurring in the rural metropolitan. The reverse commuting phenomenon limits the employment opportunities of specific classes among urban residents, and cause various problems such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion. Therefore, many studies on spatial mismatch and reverse commuting have been conducted, but a number of studies have been conducted on the Seoul metropolitan area, and research on other metropolitan areas is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cause of the commuting phenomenon in the metropolitan area of the nonmetropolitan area by considering spatial mismatch and understanding the reverse commutation situation in the local metropolitan area. This study is analyzed by a multi-level model and suggests the need for management of industrial location and expansion of residence in suburban.
국토계획 2019년 6월 게재
주저자 : 김도형
교신저자 : 우명제
Study on the Delineation of City-Regions Based on Functional Interdependence and Its Relationships with Urban Growth
Abstract
The central government has implemented policies to strengthen the competitiveness of small and medium sized cities for balanced development at the national scale. However, since it is often difficult to enhance the competitiveness through partial projects of each jurisdiction, many local governments collaborate at the regional scale. This suggests that a regional approach is important for the management of small and medium sized cities. On the one hand, the concept of network city suggests that various functional networks can affect the growth of small and medium sized cities. Given this background, the purposes of this study are to delineate regional boundaries at national scale and identify their relations of growth by using functional network and Moran’s I index. The study uses the Markov-chain model and cluster analysis to delineate the regions, and Moran’s I is employed to identify the relations of growth. The results show that interactions between jurisdictions through networks could be crucial factors for growth of small and medium sized cities, while the networks based on passenger travel and freight movement have different implications. The results suggest that policy makers should not only consider local level investments, but also take the characteristics of networks between cities into account for achieving balanced development and developing regeneration policies.
국토계획 2019년 6월 게재
주저자 : 김도형
교신저자 : 우명제
The Impact of Network with Central City on Urban Growth
Abstract
The development of science and transportation technology leads to the increase of inter - city networks that play an important role in urban growth. Overall, numerous studies based on network theory pay attention to positive effects of urban network on urban growth. However, some studies have pointed out the negative effects of inter-city interactions such as straw effects. This implies that the network between cities may not be positively correlated with urban growth, and that the direction of the influence may vary from a certain threshold, such as the marginal utility curve. In this context, the purpose of this study is to measure the impacts of network with central city on urban growth in the capital region and examine the relationship between urban network and growth. Two multiple regression models are employed with changes in population and employment as dependent variables. The urban network index and other control variables are used as independent variables. Especially, the urban network indexes are used in quadratic forms to examine non linear relations with urban growth such U-shape or an inverted U-shape. The results show that the relationships between networks with the central city and urban growth are not a simple linear, and the influence can be changed from the critical point.
국토계획 2019년 6월 게재
주저자 : 김도형
교신저자 : 우명제
Analysis of Functional Autocorrelation and Development of Functional Econometric Model through Urban Interactions - Focusing on Economic Growth of Small and Medium Sized Cities -
Abstract
Korean government has implemented policies to strengthen the competitiveness of small and medium sized cities. However, since it is often difficult to enhance the competitiveness through individual projects, many local governments in metropolitan areas are working together to pursue local growth. On the other hand, small and medium sized cities that are not included in metropolitan areas due to their spatial limitations have difficulties in implementing effective growth policies.
Given this background, the purpose of this study is to identify the functional correlation based on urban interactions and develop functional econometric model for the economic growth of small and medium sized cities. This study uses spatial econometrics models and functional weight matrix to identify the effects of functional networks on small and medium sized cities. The results show the effect of functional networks on the growth of small and medium sized cities and provide policy implications for regional spatial planning that addresses effective management of small and medium sized cities.
한국지역개발학회지 2019년 3월 게재
주저자 : 윤국빈
교신저자 : 우명제
A Study on the Effects of Interactions with Central City on Growth and Decline of Suburban Cities in the Five Largest Metropolitan Regions
Abstract
Interactions of suburban cities with a central city as well as their proximity to the central city may have significant implications for their growth or decline. However, existing studies have focused on local factors to examine urban growth or decline without full considerations of interactions with their central cities. This paper aims to estimate the effects of the interactions between central city and suburban cities on the growth or decline of suburban cities using a simultaneous equations model for the five largest metropolitan regions. Three models for population, employment, and GRDP are specified with interaction variables, measured by travel O/D data between central cities and suburban cities, as exogenous variables. The results show that the interaction patterns and their effects are different between the capital region and other regions. For example, while the commuting from suburban cities to a central city is negative to population growth of suburban cities, positive in the capital region. The results imply that such interactions as well as local factors should be taken into account for developing urban regeneration policies for suburban cities at the regional level.
지역연구 2019년 3월 게재
주저자 : 전혜진
교신저자 : 우명제
A Study on Measuring Urban Sprawl and Its Policy Implications for Urban Growth Management and Urban Regeneration in Seoul Capital Region
Abstract
Urban sprawl has been criticized due to its negative effects, including the encroachment of farmland and open spaces, the increase in traffic congestion and air pollution, the decline of central city, the decrease in social capital, and the unfairness of tax burdens on infrastructure and public services. This study measures urban sprawl in the capital region of South Korea where the characteristics of urban sprawl have been known to be different from those identified in the U.S. metropolitan areas. In particular, the study examines whether the capital region has experienced the decline of the central city with an expansion of low density residential development in suburban areas. Three measurements, the sprawl index with population density, the ratio of changes in urbanized areas to changes in population, and the population density gradient, were employed to measure urban sprawl, and GIS mapping and descriptive analysis were used to examine the central city decline and the characteristics of development patterns in suburban areas. The results show that the capital region of South Korea is moving to the American style sprawled development with the decline of the central city and an increase of single detached homes in suburban areas, implying that policy makers need to develop growth management strategies to prevent urban sprawl and its negative effects that many U.S. metropolitan areas have suffered from.
한국범죄심리학회 2019년 게재
주저자 : 문준섭
교신저자 : 우명제
A study on fear of crime of foreign visitors to Korea
Abstract
Recently, the number of foreigners visiting Korea has shown a tremendous increase from 6,440,000 in 2007 to 13,330,000 in 2017. This can be said to be a phenomenon caused by a change in the national phase, such as the Hanryu(Korean wave) and the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympic successfully ended. In recent years, the general crime rate of Korean society has increased and is becoming more and more ugly. However, the crime rate for foreigners can be relatively low. Nonetheless, a foreigner visiting Korea or a potential visitor may have an impact on the fear of crime, taking into account the safety of the country. The study of the fear of crime being conducted in Korea is largely due to domestic or foreign resident. To meet the increasing demands of the policing for the foreign visitors to Korea, the research of the fear of crime among the foreign visitors to Korea is required. In this study, it is focused on the level of fear of crime and their specific impact on the target audience to visit Korea, the vulnerability hypothesis, disorder theory, crime damage experience, and the cognitive level of the tourist police.
국토계획 2018년 12월 게재
주저자 : 김도형
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
While the competitiveness of small and medium sized cities has become important for balanced development at the national scale, they have experienced continuous decline in population and employment, particularly those in non-capital regions. In addition, some of small and medium sized cities have been classified into shrinking cities that have declined due to their long-term structural reasons. To address these issues, a regional approach, by which a hub city and its surrounding small and medium sized cities can collaborate has been suggested. Given this background, the purpose of this study is to identify and delineate hub cities and their impact areas by using travel data as a functional network index. This study uses a centrality index to identify the hub cities of small and medium sized cities and Markov-chain model and cluster analysis to delineate regional boundaries. The mean first passage time (MFPT) generated from the Markov-chain model can be interpreted as functional distance of each region. The study suggests a methodological approach delineating the boundaries of regions incorporating functional relationships of hub cities and their impact areas, and provides 59 hub cities and their impact areas. The results also provide policy implications for regional spatial planning that addresses appropriate planning boundaries of regions for enhancing the economic competitiveness of small and medium sized cities and ensuring services for shrinking cities.
국토계획 2018년 10월 게재
주저자 : 김지원
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Manufacturing has been evolved around the world and gotten attentions in large cities. While positive interrelationships between manufacturing and service industries have been discussed in existing studies, little has been known about their spatial and functional interactions at the micro level within cities.
Therefore, the purpose of the study is to identify both spatial and functional interactions between manufacturing and service industries within manufacturing clusters in Seoul. Specifically, to identify the spatial distribution of manufacturing in Seoul, Local Moran’s I with square cell unit is used. Both ANOVA and LQ analyses are employed to extract specialized manufacturing and service industries. Regional Input-Output table is also used to verify functional interactions between the two industries that show spatial interactions. As a result, 3 clusters were identified based on agglomerations of manufacturing, and there were different specialized manufacturing and service industries in each cluster which can be referred to share spatial interactions. And then, functional interaction was verified for some pairs of two industries. However, the results showed a biased relation that manufacturing industries were relatively more dependent on service industries in aspects of both supply and demand. The results of this study can provide implications for location-oriented industrial policies in an urban area considering both manufacturing and services.
주택도시연구 2018년 8월 게재
주저자 : 김도형
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
The public rental housing system has been criticized, because of an inefficient location of residence. Because low-income people are highly dependent on transit, the location of public rental housing and accessibility to public transport can impact residents’ quality of life. In addition to location inequality, the recent diversification of residents’ ages in public rental housing has been a challenge, for developing an appropriate policy for public rental housing customized by age group. The purpose of this study is to measure accessibility and inequality of transit services in Seoul using the Lorenz-curve and Gini-index for each Gu as a whole and its public rental housing; to analyze the inequality of transit services by mode, Gu, and the housing type; and to compare the actual accessibility and its perception of residents by age group, and housing type, using correlation analysis. Findings are as follow. First, there is a variation in the inequality of location of public rental housing in terms of transit services. Second, relatively young residents show dissatisfaction with accessibility of transit, although the actual accessibility is decent. Third, residents with a higher average age, reveal consistent perception on the accessibility with the actual accessibility. Results suggest that diversification of demand for public rental housing in terms of age group, should be considered when policies are developed, particularly for their location.
국토학회 2017년 2월 게재
주저자 : 황의정
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Impacts of planning at the regional level have been controversial. Supporters argue that regional efforts enhance economic competitiveness of the region, while some studies find that regions under parochial planning systems generate better economic performance. This paper aims to identify the effects of city-county consolidation, an example of regional planning, on urban growth and its growth patterns in South Korea.
A simultaneous equations model with 3 stage least squares is employed to identify the impacts on urban growth. Specifically, four growth indicators, including population growth, employment growth, urbanized area growth, and financial growth, are used as endogenous variables, and dummy variables of consolidation types along with other control variables are used as exogenous variables. In addition, interaction terms combining the dummy variables with the ratio of growth differences between cities and counties are also employed.
The results show that city-county consolidation has a significantly positive impact on growth of population and urbanized areas. Also, consolidated cities, compared to those failing to be consolidated, show a stronger tendency to balanced growth between former central cities and former unincorporated areas. The results may imply that city-county consolidation brings positive influences on urban growth in terms of population and urbanized areas and has a potential to promote balanced growth between central cities and suburban areas.
국토학회 2016년 게재
주저자 : 이상걸
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
As many planning issues in transportation, environment, and the economy transcend beyond existing political boundaries, regional planning at the metropolitan level has become more important than ever. We do not have clear metropolitan boundaries within which regional planning is developed and implemented. Although there have been existing studies that delineated city-regions using commuting data and other variables, most authors used a cut-off method that is somewhat arbitrary and requires local knowledge by authors. The purposes of this study are to delineate functional regions with mathematical methods, specifically Markov-chain model and cluster analysis, and analyze the regions in terms of changes of boundaries. The results show that the identified functional regions are wider than those identified in previous studies, effectively addressing the influence of central city and thoroughly incorporating sprawled regions.
국토학회 2017년 게재
주저자 : 윤종진
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Mega economic region is an economic and geographic unit extended beyond political boundaries through economic, environmental, social, and cultural interactions. It is being suggested as a new regional development model to increase economic competitiveness in a global economy. Although seven mega-economic regions are being proposed in Korea to enhance the sustainability of regional economy, the relationship between functional interaction and employment growth has not been studied yet. The purposes of this paper are to analyze its relationship and provide implications for regional planning. Using weight matrices composed of interdependence, regions are categorized into three types: inter-region, intra-region, and the whole nation. The characteristics of interdependence, such as dependency, distribution, and centrality, are compared for each mega economic region. The existence of ‘growth-growth’ or ‘decline-growth’ relation is investigated with Moran’s I index, and their characteristics are analyzed using multi-nomial logit model. The results of the analysis reveal that both the characteristics and the relation are different according to mega economic regions. Especially, although some regions have more interactive and active growth relations at the national level than at the mega-economic region, others have relations of regional growth economy at the mega-economic region. This suggests that regional policies should be implemented differently to each region to promote the relations of growth in terms of functional interactions.
Urban Lawyer 2010년 게재
저자: 우명제, Ross, Catherine L, Stiftel, Bruce, Rao, Arthi
Abstract
Cities in the U.S. are often marked by sprawl and low density land use patterns, which contribute to high rates of energy and fuel consumption. This paper discusses how urban areas are confronting the challenges of sustainable transportation, and explores whether the three tenets of sustainability (economy, environment and equity) are necessarily in conflict with each other in achieving sustainable transportation. It also discusses how the measurement and implementation of sustainable transportation systems can be improved. A literature review was conducted to explore the general conception of regional sustainability and its indicators. Indicators and metrics for sustainable transportation are discussed and the performance of transportation sustainability at the regional and megaregion levels is measured. Alternative approaches to the development of indicators and metrics for sustainable transportation systems are examined. The author concludes that traditional sustainability measurement methods, which have been reductionist in nature, are insufficient for addressing the complex interdependencies of urban systems. The feasibility of measuring regional and megaregional interdependencies using non-reductionist approaches, such as complexity systems methods, should be studied to provide a good foundation for building initiatives and identifying strategic sustainability policies.
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2012년 게재
저자 : 우명제, Catherine L. Ross
Abstract
This paper explores the appropriateness of the megaregion concept for high-speed rail (HSR) planning. The paper identifies potential HSR routes with higher economic benefits and analyzes functional economic relationships of regions and market feasibility with the use of the origination and destination data of commodity flows and air passenger travel. The paper also analyzes the proposed HSR programs by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Railroad Administration and finds that most HSR routes with higher investment priority are located within megaregions and across state boundaries and that the recently released federal HSR programs are moving to take the multijurisdictional interactions into account for allocating HSR funds. The results imply that the megaregion would be an appropriate scale for developing HSR in terms of the benefits and effectiveness of implementation.
Journal of Urban Planning and Development 2015년 3월 게재
저자 : 우명제, Catherine L. Ross, and Thomas “Danny” Boston.
Abstract
The population and economic activities encompassed by megaregions are ever expanding. As this occurs, investments are often recommended to ensure the regions are globally competitive from an economic standpoint. However, although such investment may accelerate growth in megaregions, that growth may have an uneven impact on the national economy. To date there has been very little empirical research on the relationship between the internal growth characteristics of megaregions and their effects on surrounding areas and the national economy. This paper examines the growth of megaregions within the context of regional convergence and divergence theory. U.S. counties are reorganized by megaregion to compare the inequality of counties and the extent to convergence in each megaregion. In particular, it uses the Theil index and conditional β convergence for measuring the relationship between growth, inequality, mobility, and social welfare. The results show a process of conditional β convergence at the national level but divergence among some megaregions. The core areas of megaregions, their socioeconomic characteristics, and their transportation infrastructure are identified as major forces of regional growth.
International Journal of Urban Sciences 2014년 게재
저자 : 우명제, Jean-Michel Guldmann
Abstract
While there has been controversy over the negative and positive effects of urban containment policies (UCPs), little is known about their impact on urban growth with policy tightness. This paper empirically analyses UCP impacts on changes in population, employment, built-up areas, and housing values. A simultaneous equation model is estimated, with, as endogenous variables, the above changes at the city level. Both stringent containment policies (SCP), such as greenbelts and urban growth boundaries, and less stringent containment policies (LSCP), such as urban service areas, are found to have significant impacts on changes in population, employment, housing values, and city land area. SCPs have positive effects on changes in population and housing values twice as large as LSCPs, suggesting that SCPs more successfully accommodate new growth within growth boundaries and that housing values increase with the tightness of UCPs.
International Journal of Urban Sciences 2016년 게재
저자 : 우명제, Catherine L. Ross, Fangru Wang
Abstract
As a new geography megaregions, networks of metropolitan centres and their areas of influence are increasingly discussed within both academic and policy arenas as more population and economic activities are concentrating in these large-scale urban configurations with growing environmental and societal impacts. This paper examines the megaregion within the context of sustainable development. The paper argues that compared to traditional planning units, such as cities, regions, and Metropolitan Statistical Areas, the concept of megaregions is able to capture the way in which economic activities, ecological ties, and social and cultural linkages actually function and operate in the global economy. While megaregions can serve as a useful planning framework for addressing each element of sustainable development, economy, environment, and equity, the successful balance and implementation of these three elements may depend on a good, yet to be developed, megaregion governance structure with public, private, and federal or national leadership.
Urban Studies 2011년 12월 게재
저자 : 우명제, Jean-Michel Guldmann
Abstract
This paper examines the impacts of different types of urban containment policies (UCPs) on the spatial structure of US metropolitan areas, with a particular focus on UCP tightness. These UCPs include state-mandated urban growth boundaries (UGBs), locally adopted urban growth boundaries and urban service areas (USAs). Population and employment density gradients, taken as concentration measures, are estimated for 135 metropolitan areas and are then used in a simultaneous equation model to assess the impacts of different UCPs on metropolitan spatial structure. The results suggest that state-mandated ‘strong’ UGBs more effectively promote growth within the boundaries than locally adopted UGBs or USAs.
International Journal of Urban Sciences, 2011년 게재
저자 : 우명제, Hazel A. Morrow-Jones
Abstract
Individuals make mobility decisions based on many factors. Satisfaction with neighborhoods and homes has been identified in previous research, as have changing demographic characteristics. This paper extends earlier studies to identify the main factors behind the intentions to move for non-moving homeowners versus those who subsequently moved using data from a survey conducted for Franklin County homeowners in Ohio in the US, through factor analysis and Ordered Logistic Regression (OLR) analysis. Non-movers, on the one hand, show strong intentions to move when they are relatively dissatisfied with their ‘neighbourhood’, ‘housing amenities’, ‘amount of housing space’, and ‘distance to preferred locations’. On the other hand, actual movers appeared to concentrate on more specific factors, such as housing size and distance to preferred locations rather than the environment of their current neighbourhood. Household life-cycle characteristics do not appear to affect either groups’ assessments of their likelihood of moving.
국토학회 2010년 12월호 게재
저자 : 우명제, 남진
Abstract
Tax Increment Financing(TIF) has been used as a favored method in financing development projects to revitalize blighted areas in the U.S. Many scholars have studied the applicability of TIF for real estate developments in Korea since early 2000s. While they have focused on the mechanism of TIF and feasibility analysis for TIF application, little has been known about the nature of TIF implementation and challenges that may occur during the implementation process. This paper aimed at providing policy implications for the application of TIF for urban regeneration projects in Korea through the analysis of 50 TIF statues and 29 case laws in the U.S. The paper finds that the revenue sources of TIF include economic activity taxes, such as sales tax, income tax, and utility tax, as well as property taxes. This finding is important in that most tax revenues from real estate markets in Korea depend on transaction fees rather than property taxes. In addition, the paper reveals that the TIF cases in the US have faced with many legal challenges where many cases with the issues of "blight" findings and the diversion of revenues from other taxing districts were worked out against TIF projects, implying that the statues with detailed guidelines that can specify the criteria of blighted areas, diversion of tax revenues, etc. should be enacted at the national scale when TIF is adopted in Korea as a public financing tool.
국토학회 2014년 7월호 게재
주저자 : 지혜란
교신저자 : 우명제, 강명구
Abstract
In spite of the assistance of developed countries to developing countries for more than 70 years after World War II, only a few countries, including South Korea, escaped from poverty. Since developing countries have higher growth potential, ODA’s aids for these countries are expected to continue to grow. Therefore, in this study, the impact of ODA aids and urbanization of developing countries on economic growth is empirically analyzed with 73 countries between 1996-2012. In addition, developing countries are classified and analyzed based on the stage of development taking into account the major elements of development and income level. The results show that urbanization has the most positive impact on economic growth, followed by the ODA aids for social infrastructure, economic infrastructure, and multi-part. The effects on economic growth vary based on the stage of development. In particular, the aids for social infrastructure and multi-part appear to be more effective on economic growth in those countries with a lower level of development, while urbanization, physical capital, human capital are more effective to those with a higher level of development.
국토학회 2015년 6월호 게재
주저자 : 정필립
교신저자 : 우명제, 남진
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to understand the process of city growth from the perspective of the political economy. Growth Machine Theory is applied to analyze a conflicting structure and the characteristics of growth-coalitions focusing on conflicts among various growth-coalitions in Jeollanam-do and Gwangju with respect to the relocation of the Jeonnam provincial office. The results suggest some different views from the traditional Growth Machine Theory. First, each growth-coalition centered by local governments has co-relations or conflicting relations depending on its geographical range. Second, the conflicts among growth coalitions are formed by their political and administrative positions, and they are streched from local to central government. Third, the type of major stakeholders of each growth coalition is different depending on the characteristics of locality or region.
국토학회 2015년 10월호 게재
주저자 : 엄현태
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Korea has experienced rapid urbanization similar to urban sprawl that has caused urban problems such as traffic jam, degradation of green space, and the decline of inner cities. Also, new-town developments in suburban areas have promoted the decline of inner cities. Recently enacted urban regeneration policies targeting these problems do not consider regional-level causes of urban decline, such as urban sprawl. The purpose of this study is to measure the impacts of urban sprawl on the decline of inner city taking into account new-town developments in suburban areas. Two multiple regression models are employed with changes in population and establishments of inner cities as dependent variables. The urban sprawl index, new-town development, their interaction term, and other control variables are used as independent variables. The results show that urban sprawl accompanied by new-town development rather than typical urban sprawl negatively affects inner cities by decreasing their population and establishments.
국토학회 2016년 4월호 게재
주저자 : 엄현태
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Globally, many factors, such as changes of transportation infrastructure, urban sprawl, change of industrial structure, have caused urban decline. Cities experiencing such urban decline have enforced urban revitalization policies. Also, most Korean cities have recently experienced urban decline which results in enacting urban regeneration policies at the national level. While existing studies on urban decline have focused on identifying major factors associated with the decline, few studies have attempted to measure spatial diffusion of decline in Korea. As urban decline is characterized as spatial problems, not only finding the factors but also predicting its spread is important to prevent future urban decline. In this context, the purposes of this study are to examine urban decline areas of Seoul in Korea and to measure the spread of urban decline through analysis of spatial autocorrelation and a spatial regression model. The results show that there exists spatial diffusion of urban decline in Seoul, and urban decline on districts in terms of population, establishment, and dwelling unit is influenced by some variables of its nearby areas. This implies that we need to consider neighboring areas of the declined districts when urban regeneration policies are developed at the district level.
국토학회 2016년 4월호 게재
주저자 : 윤종진
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
The recent global financial crisis suggests that industrial structure specialized in single sector only, particularly in tertiary industry, does not longer ensure the sustainability of regional economy. The importance of industrial diversity to respond to economic fluidity becomes more apparent. Reflecting these circumstances, Seoul has implemented ‘Industrial and Special Development Promotion Districts’ and made efforts to protect urban manufacturing. However, manufacturing clusters in Seoul is under threat from conversion to residential, commercial, and business uses. In addition, strategies for promoting and protecting manufacturing clusters have not been established yet at the city level. Therefore, it is important to identify clusters of urban manufacturing and their characteristics. The results of cluster analysis and multinomial logistic regression reveal that manufacturing clusters in Seoul could be categorized into several types with different characteristics. Both internal factors, such as operation length and number of employees, and physical factors, such as major uses of building, land use, and accessibility, characterize each type of manufacturing clusters.
국토학회 2016년 10월호 게재
주저자 : 황의정
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Urban sprawl generally refers to a low-density and unplanned development expanding outward from an urban center. Urban sprawl has been an urban issue due to its negative impacts on environment and economy. Many Korean cities also have a tendency towards urban sprawl. The purpose of this study is to measure urban sprawl in city-regions and analyze their type and characteristics associated with the sprawl. Local Labor-Market Areas(LLMAs) in Korea are chosen for the spatial unit of analysis. The extent to urban sprawl of the LLMAs is measured using various indicators with three categories: population and employment, land use, and urban structure. The results show that the LLMAs are classified into 4 types through cluster analysis, and in particular, Type 3 and 4 have tendencies of urban sprawl. The two types mostly consist of small and medium sized cities, but their tendency and characteristics are different. The results imply that local governments in Korea should implement different growth management policies considering the type of urban sprawl in each area and make multi-jurisdictional efforts
국토학회 2016년 10월호 게재
주저자 : 조재욱
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Industrial structure of developed countries has rapidly transformed from a dominant manufacturing sector to commercial and service sectors during the last several decades in a process of industrial restructuring. In addition, an international free trade has reinforced a division of labor that promoted manufacturing firms to move their production facilities to developing countries to minimize production costs and maximize profits. However, since the Great Recession, manufacturing has been recognized as an important economic base that can increase employment and secure the national economy. However, many local governments still give priorities on service industries, and a large scale of industrial lands have been converted to housing and commercial uses. The purposes of this study is to identify leading and emerging urban manufacturing and their locations in Seoul and to measure their impacts on the regional economy. The results show that the characteristics of manufacturing contribute to urban growth, particularly affecting the increase of employment, while the characteristics vary depending on their location and clusters.
국토학회 2015년 4월호 게재
주저자 : 엄현태
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Recently, many cities have experienced an expansion of urbanized areas forming metropolitan areas. Such spatial transformation resembles urban sprawl with an excessive geographic expansion and low-density development, resulting in urban problems, such as the decline of inner cities that many U.S. metropolitan areas have experienced. While such problems have not been seriously recognized in the capital region of South Korea due to the strong economic position of the region at the national level, low density single detached homes have been increasingly developed in outer areas of the region similar to the trend of urban sprawl in the U.S. The Purpose of this study is to measure urban sprawl of the capital region and its impacts on the decline of inner city using a multiple regression model. Changes in population and employment of Dongs in Seoul are used as dependent variables in two models, and the characteristics of urban sprawl in the capital region along with other control variables are used as independent variables. The results show that urban sprawl in the region is negatively affect the changes in population in Seoul. contributing to the decline of inner-city areas.
국토학회 2015년 6월호 게재
주저자: 윤종진
교신저자: 우명제
Abstract
As social welfare has become important throughout all urban issues, spatial justice, which is a combined concept of social justice and space, has gotten a momentum in the field of urban planning. Since the concept of spatial justice was introduced by Harvey in 1973, its implications for planning have been discussed from the diverse spectrum in the U.S. and Europe. Particularly, the issue of spacial justice has been in the center of transit policies because an unfair distribution of transport services directly affect everyday life of the disadvantaged group. However, few empirical studies have tried to investigate the extent to spatial justice in Korea. The purpose of this paper is to examine spatial justice of Seoul through analyzing the relationship between transit accessibility and the location of the disadvantaged. After calculating the accessibility indices, Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve are employed to measure the inequality of the indices with respect to the distribution of the disadvantaged. The results show that the spatial justice in terms of transit accessibility appear differently by the type of the disadvantaged group, including people with age 65 or over, renters, and people with poverty, providing policy implications for transit investment.
국토학회 2014년 8월호 게재
주저자 : 조재욱
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
The opening of KTX(Korea Train eXpress), Korean high-speed rail, has shortened the travel time from Seoul to Busan to 2 hours and 18minutes compared to 4 hours and 10minutes before the existence of KTX. It has been expected that KTX contributes to increasing the diverse individual activity, the choice of residence and jobs, the ch이 ce of location of firms, which in turn contributes to the balanced development at the national level. On the other hand, it has been argued that KTX would increase the concentration of population and economic activity in large urban areas absorbing the resources of lagged regions. This paper aims to empirically analyze the influence of KTX on regional economy to test the above two hypotheses. Three Beta-convergence models with GRDP, population, and employment are applied for communities along the Gyeongbu-line. The results show that the region is moving to regional divergence in terms of GRDP and population distribution, while there exists beta-convergence in terms of employment It is argued that KTX contributes to the divergence of GRDP and population.
국토학회 2014년 8월호 게재
주저자 : 엄현태
교신저자 : 우명제
Abstract
Although most Korean cities have recently experienced the slowdown of population growth, many local governments have promoted new town developments in suburban areas. The decline of inner cities has been a hot issue in urban planning amidst the popularity of sprawled development patterns. While the new town development has contributed to therises of homeownership and local tax revenues, it also has been criticized as one of contributors to the decline of inner cities. However, the causal effects between the suburban
new development and the decline of inner cities have not been measured in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the impacts of new towns on the decline of inner cities using a multiple regression model for all cities in Korea and identify major factors associated with the decline. Changes in population and employment of old downtowns are used as dependent variables in two models, and the characteristics of new towns along with other control variables are used as independent variables. The results show that the developments new towns in suburban areas are positively related to the decline of inner cities and negatively affect their changes in population and employment.
한국정책학회 2009년 12월호 게재
저자 : 김홍주, 김인희, 우명제
Abstract
As the knowledge-based industry becomes more significant along with the increasing influences of metropolitan regions and their hub cities, demand for developable land increasingly grows in these areas to accommodate public facilities that support such industrial sectors. In this context, relocation or redevelopment of surplus military bases, particularly in urbanized areas, may have policy implications for efficiently utilizing urban land. However, there may be controversial issues in related to military relocation or closure, such as violations of laws relevant to the existing programs of land development, community resistance for local economic effects, and environmental concerns. The purpose of this study is to find policy implications for military relocation and redevelopment in Korea from case studies in the U.S., Germany, and Japan where large-scale military relocation and redevelopment have been taking place. The policies in each country can be summarized as follows. In the U.S., 504 military bases were closed between 1998 and 2005 under the direction of the Base Closure Committee, established by Congress, under 'The Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990', and 'The Base Closure Community Redevelopment and Homeless Assistance Act of 1994'. They form the community development organization in the military base, focusing on constructing public facilities and supporting low-income bracket and the homeless. In Germany, since the unification of East and West, over 83,500,000 ㎡ of military bases have undergone relocation. The German federal government, local governments, and the EU, as well as the GEBB, BImA, IMA, and BICC, cooperated in administrative, financial, and systematic ways in order to support these relocations. In terms of planning, unlike the cases in the U.S., Germany chose to use the model areas of new national policies within such systems as existing construction laws, land usage projects, and district detail plans. Japan made use of their existing city plan systems under 'the principle of 3-division paid-in disposal', dividing the army bases into governmental departments, local government usage, and reserved areas. The case studies show that they focused on public facilities, such as parks, cultural and welfare facilities, as well as complex development in the station impact area. In sum, the systems, governmental supports, and development methods for military relocation and redevelopment are different depending on the characteristics of each country.
서울시 중심지 설정과 중심지 특성에 관한 연구
국토학회 2000년 2월호 게재
저자 : 김창석(서울시립대학교 도시공학과 교수), 우명제(서울시정개발연구원 위촉연구원)
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is twofold: one is to establish the system of Seoul’s city centers by using multiple criteria, and the other is to identify the changes and characteristics of their functional differentiation as well as their distribution pattern. This analysis has revealed that the spatial structure of Seoul is composed of 4 high-ranking centers and 20 low-ranking ones. It is also found that high-ranking centers tend to be multi-functioned like CBD: while , the functions of low-ranking ones are very diverse, which means that they are characterized by several specified functions depending on their locations and situations. Through this research,
the authors conclude that the function and distribution pattern of Seoul’s city centers is dualistic: the high-ranking 4 centers(CBD, Kangnam, Yongdeungpo, and Yongsan) have very similar functions , which results in polycentric distribution, while , 20 low-ranking ones have quite different functions and thus, according to Harris and Ullman, deserve to be called as multi-nuclei distribution pattern. In this regard , it is highly recommended that growth management policies in relation with city centers need to respect their current functions and distribution patterns to maintain such an urban ecological order.