A branch of geology which studies rocks in terms of their composition, texture, structure, and their source and location. It deals with the three primary types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. Petrology is based on mineralogy as well as fieldwork like mapping, sampling, and other activities done to figure out the region’s history and variation.

The science of studying minerals with their physical and chemical characteristics, structure, and classification. Mineralogy also delves into how minerals originate, evolve, and interact with one another within the Earth's crust.