The verses Mark 9:44-46 in the King James Version (KJV) read as follows:

• Mark 9:44: "Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched."

•  Mark 9:45: "And if thy foot offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter halt into life, than having two feet to be cast into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched:"

•  Mark 9:46: "Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched."

In many modern Bible translations, such as the NIV, ESV, and NASB, verses 44 and 46 are either omitted entirely or relegated to footnotes with a disclaimer. This omission has sparked curiosity and debate among readers and scholars alike. To understand why these verses were removed, we must delve into the context of the original Greek manuscripts, the principles of textual criticism, and the broader implications tied to Revelation 22:19-21’s stern warning about altering Scripture.

Context in Mark 9 and the Original Language

Mark 9:42-50 is a passage where Jesus teaches about the seriousness of sin, the value of avoiding temptation, and the eternal consequences of unrepentant behavior. The KJV includes verses 44 and 46 as identical refrains: "Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched," which echo Isaiah 66:24 from the Old Testament. This vivid imagery underscores the unending nature of punishment in hell (Greek: Gehenna).

In the Greek New Testament, the textual basis for the KJV comes primarily from the Textus Receptus, a compilation of manuscripts edited by Erasmus in the 16th century. The Textus Receptus includes these verses, drawing from later Byzantine manuscripts. However, when we examine earlier and more widely regarded manuscripts—such as Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus (both from the 4th century)—verses 44 and 46 are absent. Instead, the passage flows from verse 43 to 45 and then to 47 without these repetitions. Verse 45 in these earlier texts still mentions "the fire that never shall be quenched," but the refrain is not repeated.

The Greek phrase in question, "ὅπου ὁ σκώληξ αὐτῶν οὐ τελευτᾷ καὶ τὸ πῦρ οὐ σβέννυται" ("where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched"), appears verbatim in the Textus Receptus for verses 44 and 46. Scholars argue that this repetition may have been a scribal addition, possibly inserted to emphasize the point or harmonize Jesus’ teaching with Isaiah 66:24. In textual criticism, the principle of lectio difficilior potior (the more difficult reading is preferred) and the preference for shorter readings (since scribes tend to expand rather than omit) suggest that the absence of these verses in earlier manuscripts is likely closer to the original autograph.

Why the Omission in Modern Translations?

Modern translations rely on an eclectic text, drawing from the best available manuscripts rather than adhering solely to the Textus Receptus. The discovery of older manuscripts, like those from the Alexandrian text tradition, shifted scholarly consensus away from the Byzantine-heavy Textus Receptus. Since verses 44 and 46 are missing in these earlier witnesses and their content is effectively preserved in verse 48 (which remains in all versions: "where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched"), translators concluded that they were likely not part of Mark’s original writing.

This decision isn’t about denying the doctrine of hell or softening Jesus’ words—it’s about fidelity to what Mark likely wrote. The repetition in the KJV may enhance the rhetorical effect, but it’s not necessary for the passage’s meaning, as verse 48 already concludes the section with the same imagery.

Non-Biblical References and Historical Insight

The early church fathers provide some clues. While Origen (3rd century) and Augustine (4th-5th century) reference the "worm" and "fire" imagery in their writings on hell, they don’t consistently quote Mark 9:44 or 46 specifically. This suggests that these verses may not have been universally present in the manuscripts they used. Conversely, later Byzantine scribes, whose work influenced the Textus Receptus, were known for harmonizing texts—adding familiar phrases to align parallel passages or Old Testament citations.

The development of textual criticism as a discipline, especially after the 19th-century discoveries of Sinaiticus and other papyri, further solidified the case for omission. Scholars like Bruce Metzger note in A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament that the absence of verses 44 and 46 in early manuscripts, combined with their repetitive nature, strongly suggests they were a later interpolation.

Revelation 22:19-21 and the Warning Against Alteration

Revelation 22:19-21, also in the KJV, states:

• Revelation 22:19: "And if any man shall take away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life, and out of the holy city, and from the things which are written in this book."

This passage has fueled concern among some who see the removal of Mark 9:44 and 46 as a violation of this warning. However, context is key. Revelation 22:19 specifically addresses "the book of this prophecy"—Revelation itself—not the entire Bible. Moreover, the goal of textual criticism isn’t to "take away" from Scripture but to reconstruct the original text as accurately as possible. Omitting verses 44 and 46 isn’t an act of theological revisionism; it’s a response to evidence that they weren’t part of Mark’s initial composition.

That said, the warning in Revelation carries a broader principle: tampering with God’s Word is serious. Defenders of the KJV might argue that omitting these verses diminishes the emphasis on eternal punishment, potentially weakening doctrine. Yet, since verse 48 retains the core idea, the theological impact is minimal. The debate, then, is more about tradition and translational philosophy than a direct violation of Revelation’s admonition.

Conclusion

The removal of Mark 9:44-46 in modern translations reflects a commitment to the earliest manuscript evidence, prioritizing historical accuracy over later scribal expansions. While the KJV’s inclusion of these verses aligns with the Textus Receptus and carries a poetic weight, their absence in older texts like Sinaiticus and Vaticanus suggests they were added for emphasis rather than penned by Mark. Revelation 22:19-21 reminds us to handle Scripture with care, but the omission here stems from a desire to honor the original, not to defy it. Whether one prefers the KJV’s fullness or the modern versions’ restraint, the message of Mark 9—sin’s severity and hell’s reality—remains intact.

Introduction

The concept of immortality has fascinated both theologians and scientists for centuries. While modern physics explores theories like quantum immortality, the multiverse, and information theory, the Holy Bible (KJV) presents a divine perspective on eternal life, bodily resurrection, and incorruptibility.

1 Corinthians 15, often called the "Resurrection Chapter," provides the clearest biblical explanation of the transformation from mortality to immortality through the power of God. This article examines the physics of immortality in light of 1 Corinthians 15 and the entire KJV Scriptures, comparing scientific theories with biblical truth.

1. The Biblical Definition of Immortality

The Apostle Paul declares in 1 Corinthians 15:53-54 (KJV):

"For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality. So when this corruptible shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall have put on immortality, then shall be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory."

This passage affirms that immortality is not a natural human trait but a transformation granted by God. Unlike scientific theories that seek to prolong life through biological or technological means, the Bible teaches that eternal life comes only through Jesus Christ (John 3:16, Romans 6:23).

• 1 Timothy 6:16 (KJV) – “Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto.”

• 2 Timothy 1:10 (KJV) – “But is now made manifest by the appearing of our Saviour Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel.”

Key Biblical Truths on Immortality:

1. It is a divine gift (Romans 2:7).

2. It requires resurrection (John 11:25).

3. It results in a glorified body (Philippians 3:21).

2. The Physics of Immortality in Light of 1 Corinthians 15

A. The Transformation of the Body: From Mortal to Immortal

Paul explains that the resurrection body is fundamentally different from the earthly body:

• 1 Corinthians 15:42-44 (KJV) – "So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption: It is sown in dishonour; it is raised in glory: it is sown in weakness; it is raised in power: It is sown a natural body; it is raised a spiritual body."

This suggests a metaphysical transformation, where matter itself is changed into an incorruptible, glorified state. From a physics perspective, this resembles ideas in quantum field theory, where particles can exist in different states based on energy transformations.

• Scientific Parallel:

  • Einstein’s Mass-Energy Equivalence (E=mc²) states that matter and energy are interchangeable. Could resurrection involve a divine energy transformation?

  • String Theory suggests multiple dimensions of existence, which may hint at a glorified body functioning beyond the limits of space-time.

Yet, unlike speculative physics, Scripture affirms that this transformation is an act of God, not a natural phenomenon.

B. The Victory Over Death: Is There a Scientific Explanation?

Paul proclaims in 1 Corinthians 15:26 (KJV):

“The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death.”

This statement aligns with the biblical narrative that death is not natural but a consequence of sin (Romans 5:12). However, science seeks ways to reverse aging and achieve "immortality" through:

1. Genetic Engineering – CRISPR and telomere extension theories attempt to halt biological decay.

2. Cryonics – Freezing human bodies with the hope of future revival.

3. Mind Uploading – Transferring consciousness into artificial intelligence.

However, none of these truly overcome death. Even if technology extends life, it cannot grant incorruptibility. Only God can remove death’s curse, as stated in Revelation 21:4 (KJV):

"And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away."

This divine eradication of death is beyond any scientific mechanism and is only possible through the power of God.

C. Quantum Immortality vs. Biblical Immortality

Some physicists propose Quantum Immortality, a theory suggesting that consciousness never truly ceases but continues in alternative realities. However, the Bible teaches:

1. Death is a transition, not a perpetual loop – Hebrews 9:27 (KJV) – "And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment."

2. There are only two eternal destinations – Matthew 25:46 (KJV) – "And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal."

Thus, quantum immortality, which speculates an endless cycle of consciousness, contradicts biblical truth. The Bible confirms that immortality is not infinite reincarnation but eternal life in God’s kingdom.

3. The Resurrection Body and Physics: Can We Understand It?

Jesus Christ, after His resurrection, displayed the properties of an immortal, glorified body:

• Luke 24:39 (KJV) – “Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.”

• John 20:19 (KJV) – “Then the same day at evening, being the first day of the week, when the doors were shut where the disciples were assembled for fear of the Jews, came Jesus and stood in the midst, and saith unto them, Peace be unto you.”

Scientific Insights from Jesus' Resurrection Body:

1. It had physical substance – (He ate food: Luke 24:42-43).

2. It transcended physical laws – (He entered locked rooms: John 20:19).

3. It was recognizable yet transformed – (John 21:12).

From a physics standpoint, this suggests a state of matter beyond our current understanding—one that can operate within but is not constrained by space, time, and entropy.

Conclusion: The True Physics of Immortality is in Christ

Modern physics provides partial glimpses into immortality, but 1 Corinthians 15 and the entire KJV Scriptures reveal that true eternal life is only possible through Jesus Christ.

• 1 Corinthians 15:57 (KJV) – “But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.”

• John 14:6 (KJV) – "Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me."

Science may extend life, but only God grants incorruptible immortality. The resurrection of Christ is the ultimate proof that eternal life is real and assured for those who believe.

Introduction

Transhumanism, the movement advocating for the enhancement of human abilities through science and technology, has gained significant traction in the modern era. With advancements in artificial intelligence, genetic engineering, cybernetics, and nanotechnology, humanity stands at the threshold of profound transformation. However, as believers in the authority of God's Word, we must examine whether transhumanism aligns with biblical teachings, particularly concerning the nature of man as created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27).

The Science of Transhumanism

Modern science has paved the way for technologies that aim to augment human intelligence, extend lifespan, and even merge man with machine. Some key advancements include:

1. Genetic Engineering (CRISPR) – The ability to modify DNA raises ethical and spiritual concerns regarding altering God's creation (Psalm 139:14).

2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Brain-Computer Interfaces – Projects like Elon Musk's Neuralink seek to connect human minds with AI, raising questions about autonomy and free will (Proverbs 16:9).

3. Cybernetics and Bionic Enhancements – Prosthetics and exoskeletons can restore mobility, but the push for superhuman abilities challenges the natural limitations set by God (Ecclesiastes 3:1-2).

4. Longevity and Immortality Research – The quest to overcome aging and death contradicts biblical truths about life, death, and eternity (Hebrews 9:27).

Transhumanism vs. Biblical Teaching

While technology can be a blessing, transhumanism's ultimate goal—to transcend human limitations—mirrors the original deception in Genesis 3:5, where Satan tempts man to "be as gods." Key scriptural concerns include:

• Man as the Image of God – Genesis 1:26-27 emphasizes that humans are uniquely created by God, with spiritual and moral faculties. Transhumanism risks redefining human identity.

• The Corruption of Flesh – Jesus declared that "that which is born of the flesh is flesh; and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit" (John 3:6). Science cannot replace the spiritual regeneration that only Christ provides.

• The Tower of Babel Parallel – In Genesis 11:1-9, mankind sought to build a tower to reach heaven, defying God's authority. Transhumanism similarly strives to achieve godlike status through human effort.

• End-Times Deception – Revelation 13:16-17 warns about a coming system where technology, possibly bio-enhancements or AI, could play a role in the "mark of the beast."

Conclusion: The Christian Response

Christians should approach technological advancements with discernment. While medical and assistive technologies can be beneficial, the pursuit of transhumanism as a means to "evolve" beyond God's design is a rebellion against His sovereignty. Rather than seeking artificial enhancements, believers are called to pursue spiritual transformation through Jesus Christ (Romans 12:2).

Final Thought

Mankind’s hope is not in scientific advancements but in the promise of the resurrection through Christ (1 Corinthians 15:51-53). As we witness the rise of transhumanism, let us hold fast to the truth that God alone gives eternal life, not technology (John 17:3).

Non-biblical References 

1. Scientific and Technological References

• CRISPR and Genetic Engineering

  • Doudna, Jennifer & Charpentier, Emmanuelle. CRISPR-Cas9 and Genome Editing. (Science, 2012)

  • National Human Genome Research Institute. What is Genome Editing? (2023)

• Artificial Intelligence and Brain-Computer Interfaces

  • Musk, Elon & Neuralink Corporation. Advances in Brain-Computer Interface Technology. (Neuralink Press Release, 2021)

  • Tegmark, Max. Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. (2017)

• Cybernetics and Bionic Enhancements

  • Warwick, Kevin. Cyborg 1.0: The Man-Machine Connection. (2002)

  • Harbisson, Neil. I Listen to Colors: The First Cyborg Activist. (TED Talk, 2012)

• Longevity and Immortality Research

  • De Grey, Aubrey. Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. (2007)

  • Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. (2005)

2. Ethical and Philosophical References

• The Ethics of Transhumanism

  • Bostrom, Nick. Transhumanist Values. (Journal of Philosophical Research, 2005)

  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. (2002)

• Historical and Cultural Perspectives

  • Harari, Yuval Noah. Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. (2016)

  • Moravec, Hans. Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. (1988)

• AI and the Future of Human Identity

  • Tegmark, Max. AI and the Future of Humanity: Risks and Rewards. (MIT Press, 2020)

  • Chalmers, David. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. (1996)