Endochrine

10 2021 Endocrine Pharmacology Bb Lec

  • Human Endocrine pancreas: one million islets of Langerhans: four hormone producing cells:





  • Left- anti-insulin stain, Right- anti-glucagon stain

  • KUMC Pathology and the University of Kansas, used with permission; courtesy of Dr. James Fishback, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center.


  • Insulin: anabolic/storage hormone

  • Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP): unknown function

  • Glucagon: hypoglycemic factor used for glycogen storage mobilization

  • Pancreatic peptide: facilitates digestion





  • "Inputs to alpha cells and effects of glucagon, including negative feedback, which increases plasma glucose levels"

  • courtesy of Robert H. Parsons, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, used with permission





  • "Inputs to beta cells and effects of insulin, including negative feedback on glucose and amino-acids levels. "

  • courtesy of Robert H. Parsons, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, used with permission

Karam, J. H., Pancreatic Hormones and Antidiabetic Drugs, in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, (Katzung, B. G., ed) Appleton-Lange, 1998, pp 684-703

Foster, D. W., Diabetes Mellitus, In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 14th edition, (Isselbacher, K.J., Braunwald, E., Wilson, J.D., Martin, J.B., Fauci, A.S. and Kasper, D.L., eds) McGraw-Hill, Inc (Health Professions Division), 1998, pp 2060-2080


  • Overview

    • Natural adrenocortical hormones:

      • Steroid molecules are synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex.


      • Clinical Uses:

        • Diagnosis of adrenal function

        • Treatment of adrenal function disorders

        • Treatment of inflammatory/immunological disorders (at higher doses)

      • Control over adrenocorticosteroid secretion

        • Pituitary corticotropin (ACTH) release

        • Angiotensin modulation of aldosterone secretion

    • Adrenocorticosteroids


      • Major categories of action

        • Glucocorticoids: affecting intermediary metabolism

        • Mineralocorticoids: regulation of salt retention

        • Corticosteroids with:

          • Androgenic activity

          • Estrogenic activity

      • Major glucocorticoid: cortisol

      • Major mineralocorticoid: aldosterone

      • Major androgen: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

        • Quantitatively -- DHEA

        • DHEA and androstenedione: very weak androgens

        • Small amount of testosterone, secreted by the adrenals, maybe more important

      • Adrenal estrogens secretion

        • Adrenal androgens: testosterone and androstenedione may be converted to estrone by non-endocrine tissue:

          • Major endogenous estrogen source in women after menopause.