Endochrine

• 
  Left- anti-insulin stain, Right- anti-glucagon stain

• KUMC Pathology and the University of Kansas, used with permission; courtesy of Dr. James Fishback, Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center.

• 
  Insulin: anabolic/storage hormone

• Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP): unknown function

• Glucagon: hypoglycemic factor used for glycogen storage mobilization

• Pancreatic peptide: facilitates digestion

• 
  "Inputs to alpha cells and effects of glucagon, including negative feedback, which increases plasma glucose levels"

• courtesy of Robert H. Parsons, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, used with permission

• 
  "Inputs to beta cells and effects of insulin, including negative feedback on glucose and amino-acids levels. "

• courtesy of Robert H. Parsons, Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, used with permission

Karam, J. H., Pancreatic Hormones and Antidiabetic Drugs, in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, (Katzung, B. G., ed) Appleton-Lange, 1998, pp 684-703

Foster, D. W., Diabetes Mellitus, In Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 14th edition, (Isselbacher, K.J., Braunwald, E., Wilson, J.D., Martin, J.B., Fauci, A.S. and Kasper, D.L., eds) McGraw-Hill, Inc (Health Professions Division), 1998, pp 2060-2080

• • • Clinical Uses:

      • Diagnosis of adrenal function

      • Treatment of adrenal function disorders

      • Treatment of inflammatory/immunological disorders (at higher doses)

    • Control over adrenocorticosteroid secretion

      • Pituitary corticotropin (ACTH) release

      • Angiotensin modulation of aldosterone secretion

  • Adrenocorticosteroids

• • 
    

    • Major categories of action

      • Glucocorticoids: affecting intermediary metabolism

      • Mineralocorticoids: regulation of salt retention

      • Corticosteroids with:

        • Androgenic activity

        • Estrogenic activity

    • Major glucocorticoid: cortisol

    • Major mineralocorticoid: aldosterone

    • Major androgen: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

      • Quantitatively -- DHEA

      • DHEA and androstenedione: very weak androgens

      • Small amount of testosterone, secreted by the adrenals, maybe more important

    • Adrenal estrogens secretion

      • Adrenal androgens: testosterone and androstenedione may be converted to estrone by non-endocrine tissue:

        • Major endogenous estrogen source in women after menopause.