Entity Relationship Model: Introduction, Representation of entities, attributes, entity set, relationship, relationship set, constraints, sub-classes, superclass, inheritance, specialization, and generalization using ER Diagrams. 

Relational Model: Introduction to the relational model, concepts of domain, attribute, tuple, relation, importance of null values, constraints (Domain, Key constraints, integrity constraints) and their importance, Relational Algebra, and Relational Calculus.

SQL: BASIC SQL: Simple Database schema, data types, table definitions (create, alter), different DML operations (insert, delete, update). SQL querying (select and project) using where clause, arithmetic & logical operations, SQL functions (Date and Time, Numeric, String conversion). Creating tables with relationships, implementing key and integrity constraints, nested queries, sub-queries, grouping, aggregation, ordering, implementation of different types of joins, view(updatable and non-updatable), and relational set operations.

Schema Refinement (Normalization): Purpose of Normalization or schema refinement, concept of functional dependency, normal forms based on functional dependency Lossless join and dependency preserving decomposition, (1NF, 2NF and 3 NF), concept of surrogate key, Boyce-Codd normal form (BCNF), MVD, Fourth normal form(4NF), Fifth Normal Form (5NF).

Transaction Processing and Concurrency Control: Transaction State, ACID properties, Concurrent Executions, Serializability, Recoverability, Implementation of Isolation, Testing for Serializability. Two-Phase Locking Techniques for concurrency control: Types of Locks, Time stamp-based locking.

Introduction to Recovery Protocols: Recovery Concepts, No-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update, Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update, Shadow Paging, ARIES. Introduction to Indexing: Hash-based Indexing