The dynamic column breakthrough (DCB) experiment quantitatively evaluates adsorption capacity, selectivity, and kinetics under continuous flow, mimicking real process conditions. The resulting breakthrough profiles enable precise determination of mass transfer characteristics and adsorbent efficiency. These experimental insights form the basis for developing cyclic separation processes such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA), vacuum swing adsorption (VSA), and temperature swing adsorption (TSA), where gas separation is achieved through cyclic modulation of pressure or temperature. Collectively, DCB and PSA/VSA/TSA setups provide a robust framework for material screening, process optimization, and scale-up of adsorption-based carbon capture and gas purification systems.