As you type text, Word automatically changes straight quotation marks ( ' or " ) to curly quotation marks (also known as "smart quotes" or typographer's quotes). And now with your feedback we have improved smart quotes feature. Any quote following an em dash(--) is now formatted as an open quote (rather than closed quote).
Remember that you are required to cite your sources for paraphrases and direct quotes. For more information on MLA Style, APA style, Chicago Style, ASA Style, CSE Style, and I-Search Format, refer to our Gallaudet TIP Citations and References link.
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The punctuation for integrating academic quotes is a little different than dialogue punctuation. When a quotation ends a sentence and the parenthetical citation is at the end, the period should come after the citation. Additionally, there are separate rules for long quotations.
When using a long quote (longer than four typed lines) block quotes should be used. Block the quote by one-half inch from the left margin. If the paper is double spaced, then the block quote should be double spaced. There are no quotation marks needed for block quotes, and the citation follows the quote, outside of the period.
A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another work or from your own previously published work. It is best to paraphrase sources rather than directly quoting them because paraphrasing allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style.
There is one very special use of quotation marks which it is useful to knowabout: we use quotation marks when we are talking about words. In thisspecial use, all varieties of English normally use only single quotes, and notdouble quotes (though some Americans use double quotes even here). (This isanother advantage of using double quotes for ordinary purposes, since thisspecial use can then be readily distinguished.) Consider the followingexamples:Men are physically stronger than women.`Men' is an irregular plural.In the first example, we are using the word `men' in the ordinary way, to referto male human beings. In the second, however, we are doing something verydifferent: we are not talking about any human beings at all, but instead we aretalking about the word `men'. Placing quotes around the word we are talkingabout makes this clear. Of course, you are only likely to need this device whenyou are writing about language, but then you should certainly use it. If youthink I'm being unnecessarily finicky, take a look at a sample of the sort ofthing I frequently find myself trying to read when marking my students' essays:*A typical young speaker in Reading has done, not did, and usuallyalso does for do and dos for does.I'm sure you'll agree this is a whole lot easier to read with some suitablequotation marks:A typical young speaker in Reading has `done', not `did', and usuallyalso `does' for `do' and `dos' for `does'.Failure to make this useful orthographic distinction can, in rare cases, lead toabsurdity:The word processor came into use around 1910.The word `processor' came into use around 1910.If what you mean is the second, writing the first will create momentary havoc inyour reader's mind. (The second statement is true; the first is wrong by about70 years.) Here we have a particularly clear example of the way in which goodpunctuation works: in speech, the phrases the word processor and the word`processor' sound quite different, because they are stressed differently; inwriting, the stress difference is lost, and punctuation must step in to do the job. Printed books usually use italics for citing words, rather than quotationmarks. If you are using a keyboard which can produce italics, you can useitalics in this way, and indeed this practice is preferable to the use of quotes. In one circumstance, though, italics are notpossible: when we are providing brief translations (or glosses, as they arecalled) for foreign words. Here's an example:The English word `thermometer' is derived from the Greek wordsthermos `heat' and metron `measure'.This example shows the standard way of mentioning foreign words: the foreignword is put into italics, and an English translation, if provided, follows insingle quotes, with no other punctuation. Observe that neither a comma noranything else separates the foreign word from the gloss. You can even do this with English words:The words stationary `not moving' and stationery `writing materials'should be carefully distinguished.In this case, it is clearly necessary to use italics for citing English words,reserving the single quotes for the glosses.Summary of quotation marks:Put quotation marks (single or double) around the exactwords of a direct quotation.Inside a quotation, use a suspension to mark omittedmaterial and square brackets to mark insertedmaterial.Use quotation marks to distance yourself from a word orphrase or to show that you are using it ironically.Place single quotation marks around a word or phrasewhich you are talking about. Copyright Larry Trask, 1997Maintained by the Department of Informatics, University of Sussex
There are various reasons to use direct quotations in academic writing. You'll usually use them as an example of ideas in your assignment, but exactly how you use them varies depending on your discipline. History or Sociology students use quotes differently to Biology or Computing students, for example. You should consult your course handbook, speak to your tutors and learn from your previous assignment feedback to explore how direct quotations are used on your course. Reading around your subject will also help you understand how academics in your field write.
Direct quotes are useful for defining or describing specific concepts, whereas paraphrasing or summarising information from other sources shows that you understand the content and general idea. Try to summarise sources in most of your work and use direct quotes when they'll have a strong impact. Make it clear to the reader that you understand the quote and its context, and why you've used a quote instead of paraphrasing.
Using quotes properly will support your points and improve your assignments. Use quotes that back up your argument rather than quotes that 'look good' or sound impressive. Make sure you understand what a quote is saying in its context and explain its meaning in your work. Using quotes out of context or misinterpreting them to support your point won't improve your marks.
Plan your work, its structure and the key points and then choose which quotes to include. Choosing quotes beforehand means you're more likely to let your quotes shape your writing as you try to link one quote to another. Trying to link unrelated ideas because they sound good in isolation won't help you draw accurate conclusions, and could negatively impact your assessment.
You'll often use direct quotes in the middle of a paragraph. Use double quotation marks at the beginning and end of the quote, use the exact words from the original text and show your source, or your work being could be considered as plagiarism. For example:
Separate direct quotations that are more than three lines from your text by leaving a line space above and below the quote and indenting it. These quotes should be single line spaced (unlike the rest of your text, which is probably double or 1.5 line spaced). Indented quotes don't need quotation marks. This could look like:
Table of contentsCiting a direct quoteQuoting a source with no page numbersQuoting 40 words or more (APA block quotes)Making changes to direct quotes in APAFrequently asked questions about APA Style
When omitting words from poetry quotations, use a standard three-period ellipses; however, when omitting one or more full lines of poetry, space several periods to about the length of a complete line in the poem:
You don't have the power to make rainbows or waterfalls, sunsets or roses, but you do have the power to bless people by your words and smiles You carry within you the power to make the world better.
Words are singularly the most powerful force available to humanity. We can choose to use this force constructively with words of encouragement, or destructively using words of despair. Words have energy and power with the ability to help, to heal, to hinder, to hurt, to harm, to humiliate and to humble.
Occasionally in life there are those moments of unutterable fulfillment which cannot be completely explained by those symbols called words. Their meanings can only be articulated by the inaudible language of the heart.
Throughout human history, our greatest leaders and thinkers have used the power of words to transform our emotions, to enlist us in their causes, and to shape the course of destiny. Words can not only create emotions, they create actions. And from our actions flow the results of our lives.
Have you ever stopped to consider the power of words? Through mere words, wars have started and ended. Tender feelings have been hurt and soothed. Courage has been instilled and fear has been implanted. Lives have been destroyed and others changed for the better. Think back on your own life when words have hurt you deeply or have comforted and given you strength and hope to do better.
I like to use quotes when writing. When I write a student paper, I use this technique, and I also go to special services. I love it when my grades are perfect. Fortunately, my GPA is the highest in my class.
You must be a person of your word to build trust and sustain strong working relationships with clients and your team. When you follow through with what you say you are going to do, your actions speak louder than words.
Once you write a paraphrase, you must cite the original source of your information. Some students believe that it is only necessary to cite a source if they use a direct quote. Not true! Putting someone else's idea into your own words does not turn it into your own work. You must give the original author credit even when you paraphrase. Paraphrasing well shows that you understand the meaning of the original passage. ff782bc1db
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