Dr. Murphy:  Although stenting for deep vein occlusions can be extremely rewarding, these cases can also prove challenging. I find that the outcomes of these cases are highly dependent on sound judgment and attention to the technical details of the operation. I avoid stenting patients when a good outcome is unlikely, even if the best operative techniques are employed to achieve the best-case scenario technical result. The most frequent reason for operative exclusion in my practice is severely diseased, two-vessel, occlusive inflow disease (profunda and femoral veins [FVs]). If these vessels are wholly occluded, the likelihood of a successful outcome is very low. My inflow requirements include at least one suitable inflow vessel (femoral or profunda), or if both inflow vessels are involved, I look for < 50% occlusive disease in both. In borderline patients, I may stent in conjunction with inflow venoplasty, although this achieves inconsistent results. On occasion, I may offer endophlebectomy to patients initially excluded from stenting based on inflow, if the inflow vessels 1 to 2 cm caudal to the confluence are healthy.

Drs. Jalaie and Barbati:  Case selection is a key factor when patients are considered for endovascular treatment. If the inflow is severely impaired (eg, involvement of both the FV and deep FV [DFV]) and the probability of a long-term patency rate is really low, then recanalization and stenting should be avoided. In our opinion, in such a case, neither a hybrid procedure nor stenting into one of the inflow veins is advisable. Moreover, in most patients with asymptomatic chronic venous obstruction, when anticoagulation is contraindicated and in immobile patients, conservative treatment should be considered as the treatment of choice.


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When stents do cross the renal vein confluence with the IVC, anticoagulation can likely help preserve renal blood through stent sidewalls in the same way that anticoagulation helps prevent contralateral deep vein thrombosis after confluence jailing by iliac vein stents. Indefinite anticoagulation is already required in most patients undergoing caval reconstructions secondary to complex stent configurations, associated compromised inflow, and concomitant thrombophilias. Protection against renal vein compromise secondary to jailing is another reasonable consideration for use in these patients.

South African-born musician Chronical Deep plays electronic music and deep house. Chronical Deep has swiftly established himself as an artist to watch in the international electronic music scene thanks to his intricate and captivating beats. Dreamy synths, seductive melodies, and a beat that keeps listeners moving on the dance floor are the hallmarks of his style. 


In his music, Chronical Deep masterfully combines the groovy, soulful Deep House that South Africa is famous for with a futuristic, experimental edge that sets him apart from his contemporaries. His music takes the listener on a journey via various soundscapes that take them somewhere else. Chronical Deep is a musician that is poised to make waves in the world of Electronic and Deep House music for years to come because to his distinctive style and great talent.


South African producer Chronical Deep is well-known for his Deep House tunes. He has established himself as a household name in the electronic music sector thanks to the global success of his tracks. His most well-known songs include "With A Smile", "Ike", "Your Time", "Make You (My Girl)", "Kumo", "Dreamers Dream - Chronical Deep Claps Back", "Love Therapy - Acoustic", "Make Up Your Mind", "Karbau", and "Mandoline".


Among Chronical Deep's songs, "Your Time" stands out as one of the most well-liked. It has a groove-inducing bassline with a soulful tune that will get you up and dancing. The song has been played in clubs and festivals all around the world and has been remixed by a number of other musicians.


"Love Therapy - Acoustic" is another one of Chronical Deep's well-liked songs. This song has a lovely acoustic guitar riff and a calming melody that will put you at ease and in a relaxed mood. The song has gained a lot of worldwide acclaim and has become as a fan favorite.


"With A Smile," "Ike," and "Make You (My Girl)," among other well-known songs from Chronical Deep, exhibit his distinctive deep house vibe. These songs will have you moving on the dance floor with their funky basslines, enticing melodies, and intricate percussion.


Overall, Chronical Deep's distinctive sound and approach have had a big impact on the electronic music scene. He is still a well-known character in the deep dance music field and his tunes have earned appeal all over the world.


Throughout his music career, Chronical Deep has worked with some outstanding musicians. Together with Tahir Jones, he created one of his most significant works, "Love Therapy - Acoustic." The tune offers a distinctive listening experience thanks to its lovely fusion of acoustic and electronic elements. For any fan of deep house music, Tahir Jones' soulful vocals and Chronical Deep's production prowess make this single a must-listen.


The song "Don't Go - Chronical Deep Remix" features Lloyd BW and Kali Mija in another noteworthy collaboration. Chronical Deep's ability to take a track and make it his own is perfectly demonstrated by the remix. The remix is a deep, funky rendition of the original song that will have you dancing all night long thanks to its contagious bassline and captivating melody. The music stands out in Chronical Deep's record thanks to the emotional addition made by Kali Mija and Lloyd BW's vocals.


The single "Xola Moya" by Artwork Sounds, which I mentioned earlier, shows Chronical Deep's range as a producer. Deep house and afro-house are combined in this song, which also has a tribal beat and a catchy tune that will get you moving. Any fan of electronic music should listen to this tune because of the depth that the vocals of Artwork Sounds bring.


Overall, Chronical Deep's teamwork has enabled him to forge a distinctive sound that has distinguished him as a top performer in the electronic music scene. His skill as a producer is demonstrated by his capacity to collaborate with different musicians and generate something truly unique.


I'm very particular with my Healthcare and tend to be cautious with referrals to specialists. This office is amazing from the first point of contact. Their staff are friendly, professional and highly knowledgeable. Then the Dr is just as amazing as his staff, absolutely brilliant. Office manager Jessica has this office running like a well oiled machine and does so with a smile, an air of confidence, kindness and professionalism. Love this practice!! - Richard G.

Heterogeneity of brain diseases is a challenge for precision diagnosis/prognosis. We describe and validate Smile-GAN (SeMI-supervised cLustEring-Generative Adversarial Network), a semi-supervised deep-clustering method, which examines neuroanatomical heterogeneity contrasted against normal brain structure, to identify disease subtypes through neuroimaging signatures. When applied to regional volumes derived from T1-weighted MRI (two studies; 2,832 participants; 8,146 scans) including cognitively normal individuals and those with cognitive impairment and dementia, Smile-GAN identified four patterns or axes of neurodegeneration. Applying this framework to longitudinal data revealed two distinct progression pathways. Measures of expression of these patterns predicted the pathway and rate of future neurodegeneration. Pattern expression offered complementary performance to amyloid/tau in predicting clinical progression. These deep-learning derived biomarkers offer potential for precision diagnostics and targeted clinical trial recruitment.

We have developed a deep-learning approach, Smile-GAN, which disentangles pathologic neuroanatomical heterogeneity and defines subtypes of neurodegeneration by learning to generate mappings from regional volume data of cognitively normal individuals to that of patients. Compared with unsupervised methods12,13,14, Smile-GAN has an advantage in avoiding non-disease-related confounding variations, thereby identifying neuroanatomical patterns associated with pathology. This stems from the fundamental property of Smile-GAN to cluster the transformations from normal to pathologic anatomy, rather that clustering patient data directly. Also, the deep-learning-basedSmile-GAN can easily handle high dimensional ROI data. Thus, no preprocessing ROI selection is required, and the model is able to fully capture variations in all subdivided ROIs and could feasibly be extended to even smaller/more numerous ROI. Moreover, in contrast with other semi-supervised methods17,18, Smile-GAN makes no assumption about data distribution and data transformation linearity, and in validation experiments was found to be robust to mild, sparse, or overlapping patterns of pathology (neurodegeneration, herein). Critically, pattern probabilities given by Smile-GAN are easily interpretable continuous biomarkers reflecting the neuroanatomical expression of respective patterns. These advantages of Smile-GAN allow versatile characterization of pattern types related to both severity and heterogeneity of pathological effects.

White matter lesion (WML) volumes were calculated from both ADNI and BLSA using inhomogeneity-corrected and co-registered FLAIR and T1-weighted images and a deep-learning-based segmentation method43 built upon the U-Net architecture44, with the convolutional layers in the network replaced by an Inception ResNet architecture45. The model was trained using a separate training set with human-validated segmentation of WML. WML volumes were first cubic rooted. Then phase-level cross-sectional harmonization was applied on them to reduce site effects.

The pathophysiological background of OCD seems to involve a dysfunction in an orbito-fronto-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit, in which the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are especially implicated on the cortical level, and the striatum in the basal ganglia. The striatum is divided by the internal capsule (IC), and consists of the putamen lateral to the IC, the caudate nucleus medially, and the nucleus accumbens (NA) ventral to the IC. The IC is a large anatomical structure, and the target within the IC has varied substantially over time, both regarding capsulotomies and DBS. The effect of these procedures is believed to be caused mainly by an inhibitory effect on connections between the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia traversing the IC (33). It is, however, difficult to know which adjacent structures might contribute to the effect of DBS, especially considering the very high stimulation strength used in OCD. In the first patients who underwent surgery with DBS for OCD, the anterior IC was the target, but a possible contribution to the effect from the surrounding striatal structures was acknowledged (51), and the target area is now often referred to as the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS) (26). The groups targeting the IC will often place the deepest part of the electrode in the NA, whereas the groups targeting the NA will have their highest contacts located in the IC, and in 1 group intentionally in the caudate nucleus. Somewhat posterior-medial to these targets is the newly suggested bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which has connections with the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry, and is currently being evaluated (70). Slightly medial-posterior to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, we find yet another target, the inferior thalamic peduncle (ITP), which has been used in a few patients (33). The mechanism of action is unclear regarding the ITP, but it has been suggested to be mitigated by an effect on the projections from striatum and orbitofrontal cortex entering the thalamus (48). Clearly separated from this area is the STN, which plays an important role regarding integration of emotional, cognitive, and motor components of behavior. It has been suggested that the effect of STN DBS in OCD is due to an effect on the decision-deferring process, as has been demonstrated in patients with STN DBS for PD (21, 42, 43, 54). e24fc04721

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