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The amkra mantra or Navkar Mantra is the most significant mantra in Jainism, and one of the oldest mantras in continuous practice. [1][2] This is the first prayer recited by the Jains while meditating. The mantra is also variously referred to as the Pancha Namaskra Mantra, Namaskra Mantra, Navakra Mantra, Namaskra Mangala or Paramesthi Mantra.

The Namaskara Mantra with all Paca-Paramehi (five supreme souls) was first mentioned in the auspicious opening lines in the condensed edition of Vykhyprajapti. This version also replaces Ardhamagadhi with Maharashtrian Prakrit .[3]In condensed edition of Avashyakasutra (dated circa last quarter of 5th century), the is also replaced with as well as (Arahant) with (Arihant). Shatkandagam (circa 475-525 CE) and later Visheshavashyakbhashyavritti (circa 725 CE) and Anuyogadwarasuchi shows (Namo) replaced with more Prakit (Namo). Composed around the beginning of the Common Era, Chattarimangalam Stotra mentions only Arhat, Siddha, Sadhu and Kevalipragnapti Dharma (Dharma as prescribed by Omniscients) as four chief auspicious. So the three lines regarding Acharya, Upadhyaya and Sadhu must have been added later. The last four lines about phala-prashashti (benefits of chanting) are not older than 6th century CE and are not found in any older works, according to Dhaky.[3] The importance of it as a mantra in texts, traditions, rituals and meditation arose thereafter.[3]

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There is no mention of any particular names of the gods or any specific person. The prayer is done towards the gua (the good qualities) of the gods, teachers and the saints. Jains do not ask for any favors or material benefits from the tirthankaras or monastics. This mantra simply serves as a gesture of deep respect towards beings whom they believe are spiritually evolved, as well as to remind the people of their ultimate goal i.e. moksha (liberation).[8]

Meditate on, recite or chant the sacred mantras, consisting of thirty-five, sixteen, six, five, four, two and one letter(s), pronouncing the virtues of the five supreme beings (Paca-Paramehi). Besides, meditate on and chant other mantras as per the teachings of the Preceptor (guru).[9]

Collectively, they are called Panch Parmesthi (five supreme spiritual people). In this mantra we worship their virtues rather than worshipping any one particular person; therefore, this Mantra is not named after Lord Mahavir, Lord Parshvanath or Adinath, etc.

The Navkar Mantra is the most fundamental mantra in Jainism and can be recited at any time of the day. While reciting the Navkar Mantra, the aspirant bows with respect to Arihantas, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, Sadhus, and Sadhvis. The mantra enables us to worship the virtues of all the supreme spiritual people instead of just worshipping one particular person. For this reason, the Navkar Mantra does not mention the names of any Tirthankaras, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, Sadhus, or Sadhvis. At the time of recitation, we remember their virtues and try to emulate them. In this mantra we bow down to these supreme spiritual personalities, and therefore, it is also called Namaskar or Namokar Mantra.

I bow to the Arihants,

I bow to the Siddhas,

I bow to the Acharyas,

I bow to the Upadhyayas,

I bow to all the sages in the world,

These five obeisances can destroy all sins,

Thus, this mantra, among all mantras is the most auspicious.

The Namokar mantra venerates the characteristics, achievements and features of the Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas and Sadhus. The idea is to remind oneself of their qualities which led them onto the path of enlightenment and liberation and seek those qualities for oneself. There is no scope for asking for any material or worldly gains or pleasures. As the Navkar mantra does not name anyone, the qualities themselves are worthy of reverence.

The other three entities referred to in the mantra are the acharya, upadhyaya and the sadhus of the world. They are all teachers who preach the path of liberation while pursuing the same path. They have specific qualities attained through defined practices and destruction of respective karmans.

The Navkar mantra, though on the face of it is a generic prayer, has a specific message and purpose. It stresses on the worship of the qualities and not the person. When one concentrates on each of these qualities, and understands the path to achieve them, the reciter of the mantra moves from the material to the immaterial and from the gross to the subtle. e24fc04721