When you sign up for AWS, you can get started with Amazon EC2 using the AWS Free Tier. If you created your AWS accountless than 12 months ago, and have not already exceeded the Free Tier benefits for Amazon EC2, itwon't cost you anything to complete this tutorial because we help you select options thatare within the Free Tier benefits. Otherwise, you'll incur the standard Amazon EC2 usage feesfrom the time that you launch the instance until you terminate the instance (which is thefinal task of this tutorial), even if it remains idle.

Under Instance type, from the Instance typelist, you can select the hardware configuration for your instance. Choose thet2.micro instance type, which is selected by default. Thet2.micro instance type is eligible for the Free Tier. InRegions where t2.micro is unavailable, you can use at3.micro instance under the Free Tier. For more information,see AWS Free Tier.


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You can't connect to your instance unless you launched it with a key pair forwhich you have the .pem file and you launched it with asecurity group that allows SSH access from your computer. If you can't connect toyour instance, see Troubleshoot connecting to your instance for assistance.

Amazon EC2 shuts down and terminates your instance. After your instance isterminated, it remains visible on the console for a short while, and then theentry is automatically deleted. You cannot remove the terminated instance fromthe console display yourself.

Amazon was founded by Jeff Bezos from his garage in Bellevue, Washington,[6] on July 5, 1994. Initially an online marketplace for books, it has expanded into a multitude of product categories, a strategy that has earned it the moniker The Everything Store.[7] It has multiple subsidiaries including Amazon Web Services (cloud computing), Zoox (autonomous vehicles), Kuiper Systems (satellite Internet), and Amazon Lab126 (computer hardware R&D). Its other subsidiaries include Ring, Twitch, IMDb, and Whole Foods Market. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US$13.4 billion substantially increased its footprint as a physical retailer.[8]

In 2002, it launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build web applications on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.[34][35] In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.[36] AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with Simple Storage Service (S3) in 2006,[37] and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008,[38] allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon. In 2006, Amazon also launched the Fulfillment by Amazon program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.[39]

Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media (books, movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics, beauty products, gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, jewelry, watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, sporting goods, tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm supplies[51] and consulting services.[52] Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.fr for France), though some offer international shipping.[53]

On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with DC Comics for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including Superman, Batman, Green Lantern, The Sandman, and Watchmen. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these titles from their shelves.[71]

In June 2017, Nike agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.[73][74] This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.[74][75] Companies including IKEA and Birkenstock also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.[76]

Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.[83] Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[84]

Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "... the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[89]

Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and New Castle, Delaware. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[153][154] Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by Amazon Robotics.[155]

For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.[159]

During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of Warren Buffett.[178] These annual letters gave an "invaluable window" into the famously "secretive" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.[178][179] A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, "customer obsession") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.[180] One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for "all teams" to "expose their data and functionality" through service interfaces "designed from the ground up to be externalizable". This process, commonly known as a service-oriented architecture (SOA), resulted in mandatory dogfooding of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.[citation needed]

Amazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;[187] forming cloud computing partnerships with the CIA;[188] leading customers away from bookshops;[189] adversely impacting the environment;[190] placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;[191] actively opposing unionization efforts;[192] remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its 1-Click technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and price discrimination;[29][30] and reclassifying LGBT books as adult content.[193][194] Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the WikiLeaks website, works containing libel, anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating dogfight, cockfight, or pedophile activities. An article published by Time in the wake of social media website Parler's termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.[195] In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[196] Companies like Groupon, eBay and Taap.it countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.[197][198]

The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to Brad Stone, "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."[57] In July 2014, the Federal Trade Commission launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[199] In 2019, Amazon banned selling skin-lightening products after pushback from Minnesota health and environmental activists.[200] In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general Letitia James was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.[201] ff782bc1db

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