Download Squirrel

Prerequisite, Java must be available:

Java is open source and can be downloaded from

SQuirreL will always run with the current LTS (Long Term Support) release of Java.

The minimum Java version required usually is the previous LTS release.

Installation of the SQuirreL SQL Client on Windows and Linux/Unix:

The SQuirreL SQL Client can be installed by the IzPack installer. Download the file squirrel-sql--standard.jarand execute it using the following command:

java -jar squirrel-sql--standard.jar when you properly installed Java.

\bin\java -jar squirrel-sql--standard.jar when you just unpacked the zip or tar.gz version of Java.

Note: On Linux/Unix replace backslashes (\) by slashes (/).

Make sure that you have write privileges to the directorythat you want to install into.

Note that some browsers may attempt to open thisfile rather than download it. In this case, right-click onthe download link and click your browser's equivalent of the"Save as..." menu item.

Installation of the SQuirreL SQL Client on MacOS:

On MacOS the preferable way to install the SQuirrel SQL Client is the MacOS X installer squirrel-sql--MACOSX-install.jar.

Starting the SQuirreL SQL Client:

On Windows, execute the file squirrel-sql.bat to run theapplication. On Linux/Unix and MacOS, the file is squirrel-sql.sh.

Trouble shooting:

When SQuirreL SQL doesn't start:

On Windows try to add the line

&nbsp set JAVA_HOME=

to the top of squirrel-sql.bat

On Linux/Unix or MacOS try to add the line

&nbsp export JAVA_HOME=

after the line

&nbsp #! /bin/sh

of squirrel-sql.sh

Scaling problems on high resolution screens:

Set the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) parameter

-Dsun.java2d.uiScale=

Example: -Dsun.java2d.uiScale=2.5

This can be done by editing squirrel-sql.bat on Windows and squirrel-sql.sh on Linux/Unix or MacOS

or by setting the SQUIRREL_SQL_OPTS variable before executing the start script.

Squirrels are members of the family Sciuridae (/sjurde, -di/), a family that includes small or medium-size rodents. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels (including chipmunks and prairie dogs, among others), and flying squirrels. Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and were introduced by humans to Australia.[1] The earliest known fossilized squirrels date from the Eocene epoch, and among other living rodent families, the squirrels are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormice.[citation needed]

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The word squirrel, first attested in 1327, comes from the Anglo-Norman esquirel which is from the Old French escurel, the reflex of a Latin word sciurus, which was taken from the Ancient Greek word (skiouros; from -) 'shadow-tailed', referring to the long bushy tail which many of its members have.[2][3]

The native Old English word for the squirrel, cweorna, only survived into Middle English (as aquerne) before being replaced.[4] The Old English word is of Common Germanic origin, cognates of which are still used in other Germanic languages, including the German Eichhrnchen (diminutive of Eichhorn, which is not as frequently used); the Norwegian ikorn/ekorn; the Dutch eekhoorn; the Swedish ekorre and the Danish egern.

In most squirrel species, the hind limbs are longer than the fore limbs, while all species have either four or five toes on each foot. The feet, which include an often poorly developed thumb, have soft pads on the undersides[13] and versatile, sturdy claws for grasping and climbing.[14] Tree squirrels, unlike most mammals, can descend a tree head-first. They do so by rotating their ankles 180 degrees, enabling the hind feet to point backward and thus grip the tree bark from the opposite direction.[15]

As their large eyes indicate, squirrels have an excellent sense of vision, which is especially important for the tree-dwelling species. Many also have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their limbs as well as their heads.[13]

Many juvenile squirrels die in the first year of life. Adult squirrels can have a lifespan of 5 to 10 years in the wild. Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity.[18] Premature death may occur when a nest falls from the tree, in which case the mother may abandon her young if their body temperature is not correct. Many such baby squirrels have been rescued and fostered by a professional wildlife rehabilitator until they could be safely returned to the wild,[19] although the density of squirrel populations in many places and the constant care required by premature squirrels means that few rehabilitators are willing to spend their time doing this and such animals are routinely euthanized instead.

Squirrels mate either once or twice a year and, following a gestation period of three to six weeks, give birth to a number of offspring that varies by species. The young are altricial, being born naked, toothless, and blind. In most species of squirrel, the female alone looks after the young, which are weaned at six to ten weeks and become sexually mature by the end of their first year. In general, the ground-dwelling squirrel species are social, often living in well-developed colonies, while the tree-dwelling species are more solitary.[13]

Squirrels, like other rodents, employ species-specific strategies to store food, buffering against periods of scarcity.[24] In temperate regions, squirrels commonly cache nuts beneath leaf litter, inside hollow trees, or underground.[25] However, in subtropical and humid environments, traditional caching can lead to mold growth, decomposition, or premature germination.[26] To counteract these challenges, some squirrels, particularly in subtropical zones, hang nuts or mushrooms on tree branches.[26] This behavior, believed to minimize fungal infections and reduce the risk of food loss, also inadvertently aids certain trees, like Cyclobalanopsis, in expanding their range, with forgotten or dislodged nuts can sprout in new locations, influencing forest ecology.[27] Two species of flying squrrirel, the particolored flying squirrel and Hainan flying squirrel aid such cacheing by carving grooves into the nuts to fix the nuts tightly between small intersecting twigs, akin to the mortise-tenon joint in carpentry.[27]

Because squirrels cannot digest cellulose, they must rely on foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fats. In temperate regions, early spring is the hardest time of year for squirrels because the nuts they buried are beginning to sprout (and thus are no longer available to eat), while many of the usual food sources are not yet available. During these times, squirrels rely heavily on tree buds. Squirrels, being primarily herbivores, eat a wide variety of plants, as well as nuts, seeds, conifer cones, fruits, fungi, and green vegetation. Some squirrels, however, also consume meat, especially when faced with hunger.[16][29] Squirrels have been known to eat small birds, young snakes, and smaller rodents, as well as bird eggs and insects. Some tropical squirrel species have shifted almost entirely to a diet of insects.[30]

Squirrels, like pigeons and other fauna, are synanthropes, in that they benefit and thrive from their interaction in human environments. This gradual process of successful interaction is called synurbanization, wherein squirrels lose their inherent fear of humans in an urban environment.[31] When squirrels were almost completely eradicated during the Industrial Revolution in New York, they were later re-introduced to "entertain and remind" humans of nature. The squirrel blended into the urban environment so efficiently that when synanthropic behavior stops (i.e. people do not leave trash outside during particularly cold winters), they can become aggressive in their search for food.

Aggression and predatory behavior has been observed in various species of ground squirrels, in particular the thirteen-lined ground squirrel.[32] For example, Bernard Bailey, a scientist in the 1920s, observed a thirteen-lined ground squirrel preying upon a young chicken.[33] Wistrand reported seeing this same species eating a freshly killed snake.[34] There has also been at least one report of squirrels preying on atypical animals, such as an incident in 2005 where a pack of black squirrels killed and ate a large stray dog in Lazo, Russia.[35] Squirrel attacks on humans are exceedingly rare, but do occur.[36][37]

Whitaker examined the stomachs of 139 thirteen-lined ground squirrels and found bird flesh in four of the specimens and the remains of a short-tailed shrew in one;[38] Bradley, examining the stomachs of white-tailed antelope squirrels, found at least 10% of his 609 specimens' stomachs contained some type of vertebrate, mostly lizards and rodents.[39] Morgart observed a white-tailed antelope squirrel capturing and eating a silky pocket mouse.[40]

A variety of fossil squirrels, from the latest Eocene to the Miocene, have not been assigned with certainty to any living lineage. At least some of these probably were variants of the oldest basal "protosquirrels" (in the sense that they lacked the full range of living squirrels' autapomorphies). The distribution and diversity of such ancient and ancestral forms suggest the squirrels as a group may have originated in North America.[43]

Apart from these sometimes little-known fossil forms, the phylogeny of the living squirrels is fairly straightforward. The three main lineages are the Ratufinae (Oriental giant squirrels), Sciurillinae and all other subfamilies. The Ratufinae contain a mere handful of living species in tropical Asia. The neotropical pygmy squirrel of tropical South America is the sole living member of the Sciurillinae. The third lineage, by far the largest, has a near-cosmopolitan distribution. This further supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all squirrels, living and fossil, lived in North America, as these three most ancient lineages seem to have radiated from there; if squirrels had originated in Eurasia, for example, one would expect quite ancient lineages in Africa, but African squirrels seem to be of more recent origin.[43] 17dc91bb1f