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Synopsis of Program:The National Science Foundation's Directorates for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS), Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE), Engineering (ENG), and Geosciences (GEO) are coordinating efforts to identify new concepts and ideas on Spectrum and Wireless Innovation enabled by Future Technologies (SWIFT). A key aspect of the SWIFT program, now in its fourth year, is its focus on effective spectrum utilization and/or coexistence techniques, especially with passive uses, which have received less attention from researchers. Coexistence is when two or more applications use the same frequency band at the same time and/or at the same location, yet do not adversely affect one another. Coexistence is especially difficult when at least one of the spectrum users is passive, i.e., not transmitting any radio frequency (RF) energy. Within the general area of the SWIFT program, this SWIFT-SAT solicitation focuses on satellite-terrestrial coexistence and covers both radio-spectrum and optical-wavelength coexistence.

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Examples of coexisting systems may include passive and active systems (e.g., radio astronomy and wireless broadband communication systems, or airborne and elevated transmitters such as satellites) or two active systems (e.g., space-borne radar and terrestrial communications). Example topics include communications at scale such as large-scale MIMO and intelligence surfaces, reconfigurable transceivers, energy efficient and low-power communications, innovative spectrum use and management such as joint communication and sensing, and resilient spectrum sharing, just to name a few. Another topic of interest is the growing challenge of coexistence between ground-based astronomy and large networks of low-Earth orbiting satellites, including sunlight reflections, thermal emissions, and optical/infrared inter-satellite links. As ground-based optical/infrared astronomy continues to advance in sensitivity and breadth of sky coverage, the need to maintain and enhance this capability in an increasingly congested optical/infrared/radio environment will become increasingly acute. Research projects to address these issues may involve innovative satellite technology and designs that take into account satellite constellation requirements (e.g., thermal balance), innovations in astronomical instrumentation or post-processing algorithms, advancements in coordination methodologies (e.g., use of telemetry or orbital information), and other solutions.

The goal of these research projects may be the creation of new technology or significant enhancements to existing wireless infrastructure, with an aim to benefit society by improving spectrum utilization and ancillary challenges, beyond mere spectrum efficiency. The SWIFT program encourages collaborative team research that transcends the traditional boundaries of individual disciplines.

The dramatic growth in use of wireless technologies has benefited society in many sectors including commerce, transportation, health, science, and defense. However, the proliferation of new application technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), radars for transportation and motion sensing, as well as new infrastructure technologies such as broadband wireless, has brought forth new challenges that must be addressed in light of the demand on the wireless spectrum placed by such applications. The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is limited and must be appropriately shared among all wireless systems and applications, including both active and passive uses. The increasing demand for spectrum is largely driven by commercial services such as mobile broadband wireless access. At the same time, passive uses of spectrum including radio astronomy service (RAS) and atmospheric and geospace science under the earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) as well as critical but non-commercial active uses such as weather radar and the Global Positioning System (GPS) need to be preserved. These services are bound by physical constraints that prevent any relocation of spectrum, and hence the operations of these services have to be protected.

The effective utilization and sharing of spectrum, a limited resource, is very important, as highlighted in the May 2019 inter-agency white paper 1 led by the National Science and Technology Council's Wireless Spectrum Research & Development Interagency Working Group (WSRD IWG), titled "Research and Development Priorities for American Leadership in Wireless Communications."

NSF continues to provide support for basic research on wireless communications and networking via its core and interdisciplinary program funding mechanisms. Past and current NSF spectrum-related programs include Enhancing Access to the Radio Spectrum (EARS), Spectrum Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, and Security (SpecEES), and Platforms for Advanced Wireless Research (PAWR). In FY 2020 NSF launched a major new initiative called the Spectrum Innovation Initiative, including the (SII) Center program (NSF 20-557), which is in clear synergy with SWIFT and supports cross-disciplinary SWIFT proposals through the integrative research focus (see _innovation_initiative.jsp).

The key aspect of the SWIFT solicitation is a focus on effective spectrum utilization, on-demand spectral access and resilient coexistence especially with passive uses, and addressing challenges to passive observations from space-borne transmitters and reflectors. This will require substantial innovation in wireless technology. Research proposed under this solicitation must go beyond past programs that focused mainly on spectral efficiency (bits/sec/Hz) and energy efficiency (bits/Joule). Developing new methods or techniques enabling effective spectrum utilization and/or coexistence will enable wireless systems and networks to support the high performance (e.g., higher data-rates, lower latency) and dense deployments that will be needed by future applications operating in spectrally adjacent channels or in co-channel. Wireless research and development today require a focus on robust, reliable, and secure wireless systems and networks for the next generation networks and systems. Research focusing on novel efficient device design, advanced RF/analog hardware security, circuit and antenna design, communication theory, signal processing, new algorithms and protocols, machine learning etc. should come together to address the upcoming challenges facing wireless systems and networks. Research that will enable the above will likely provide immense societal benefits provided that the integrity of passive receive-only uses is also preserved.

Awareness of spectrum usage by existing critical passive and active systems and their associated requirements is necessary to develop new technologies for effective future spectrum sharing. Spectrum innovations may focus on any part of the electromagnetic spectrum from kHz to terahertz (THz), as well as ancillary challenges such as optical/infrared brightness of satellite constellations to astronomical observatories as detailed in the SATCON and Dark and Quiet Skies reports2. Wireless application domains include future mobile broadband, Internet of Things, Earth Observing Satellites, Unmanned Aerial System communications, satellite/space communications, remote sensors, sensing systems for intelligent infrastructure, wearable/implantable medical devices, radio astronomy, automotive radar, weather radar, and aircraft communications etc.

New applications that rely on utilizing more wireless spectrum promise significant societal and economic benefits, but at the same time, many commercial and military wireless devices and systems, and scientific observatories need to operate in quiet EM environments or without interference from other signals. The demands on the spectrum often threaten the operations of such existing technologies that offer critical service to society. Innovation in spectrum use and management provides a means to ensure that the spectrum resources are utilized in a manner that benefits all applications, both current and emergent, including those operating at higher frequencies such as millimeter-wave (mm-wave), terahertz (THz), and optical.

As spectrum becomes more congested, future wireless systems and passive uses will be required to share spectrum and/or be very tightly packed together. In order to enable these kinds of deployments, innovations are sought on (i) transmitter technologies, such as filters, antennas, switches and amplifiers that must ensure high in-band performance along with ultra-low spurious out-of-band emission, (ii) receiver technologies that must show significant advancement to ensure that receivers can function in the presence of strong interference, both co-channel and adjacent channel, (iii) physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) protocols that are not constrained by existing standards (e.g. cellular and Wi-Fi), (iv) machine learning and AI techniques that allow effective spectrum sharing and access, and (v) spectrum coexistence methods that go beyond the standard sensing and database management methods used today. For projects addressing radio spectrum coexistence challenges, SWIFT encourages hardware researchers to collaborate with communication theory/signal processing and system/network researchers to make the most meaningful impact. For projects addressing optical wavelength coexistence challenges, SWIFT encourages collaboration that promotes the broad application of proposed techniques and solutions.

Significant advances in communication theory, networks, and protocol research are needed to allow effective coordination and maximum utilization of the spectrum. The development of innovative methods to utilize vast amounts of data and allow smart decision making will likely play an important role, which could be considered within an artificial intelligence (AI) framework to ensure effective spectrum utilization and coordination. ff782bc1db