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Ethnicity is one of the critical factors that shape contraceptive use in Nigeria. While there are growing disparities in contraceptive uptake among women of reproductive age in the three major ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba), not much is known about differentials in contraceptive use among the minority ethnic groups. This study examined differentials in contraceptive use among a sample of 1,072 respondents comprising the Ebira (352), Igala (358) and Okun (361) ethnic groups in Nigeria. Questionnaire was administered to respondents proportionately in the selected minority ethnic groups with six key informant interviews and 12 focus group discussions to generate quantitative and qualitative data among ever-married women. Quantitative data were analyzed at bivariable and multivariable levels. The qualitative data were content-analyzed. Differentials in contraception are shaped by ethnic affiliations and socio-demographic characteristics of couples. The use of modern contraceptives was low among the Ebira (25.7%) and Igala (24.1%) ethnic groups, but high among Okun (67%) women of reproductive age. The odd of using a modern contraceptive is significantly higher among the Okun women (UOR = 5.618, 95% CI 4.068-7.759) than the Ebira and Igala. There is no significant difference between the Ebira and Igala minority ethnic groups on modern contraceptive use. Ethnicity as a factor is not a stand-alone predictor of the use of modern contraception among the study groups, other socio-economic variables such as residence, religion, income and marital status were significant predictors of modern contraceptive use among minority ethnic groups. We suggest introducing reproductive health intervention programmes targeted at sensitizing the minority ethnic groups on effective modern contraceptive use while addressing their specific modern contraceptive need in Nigeria.

Studies have shown that ethnicity as a factor is not a stand-alone predictor of contraceptive use on its own (6, 18, 24, 38, 39). Despite the fact that our study focuses on differences in contraceptive use across minority ethnic groups, these reproductive-age women live in both urban and rural areas, which has consequences for their reproductive health behavior. The residence, however, was found to be a significant predictor of modern contraceptive use as stand-alone variable. Women in urban centers were less likely than those in rural areas to use modern contraception. This contradicts earlier research that suggests women in urban regions are more likely to use modern contraception than women in rural areas (18, 21). This result could be due to the subtle influence of attitudes, values, and beliefs on contraceptive use, despite the fact that the majority of them live in cities. Perceived reasons identified in the qualitative study include the fear of its side effects, husband disapproval because of depletion of sexual pleasure and sin against religious beliefs. Another issue was the preference for traditional methods and their perceived efficacy, which discouraged most couples from using modern contraceptive methods in Ebira and Igala ethnic groups.

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