Background:  Infantile colic (IC) is one of the most common reasons for doctor visits among babies younger than 3 months. One of five babies older than 3 months also experiences IC. IC, unlike gastrointestinal problems, is regarded as an individual differentiation and maturation of the central nervous system. Providing a warm bath, breastfeeding, swinging and playing of white noise are nonpharmacological methods. The efficiency of these methods has been proven by various studies independently of one another.

Methods:  The study was conducted between April-December 2016. The study sample consisted of 40 1-month-old babies with gas pains who passed a hearing screening and their mothers. The total daily crying and sleeping durations of the babies were determined without any intervention on the first week. On the second week, 20 randomly selected babies (first group) were swung each time they cried, and on the third week, they were made to listen to white noise. The other 20 babies (second group) were made to listen to white noise on the second week and were swung on the third week. Swinging and playing of white noise were performed until the babies stopped crying. After every intervention, the total crying and sleeping durations of the babies were evaluated using a "Colicky Baby's Diary."


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Results:  Playing of white noise significantly decreased the daily crying durations (p < .05) and increased the sleeping durations of the colicky babies (p < .05) compared to swinging in both groups.

Consumer Reports has tested three bassinets that play white noise: the Happiest Baby Snoo Smart Bassinet, 4moms MamaRoo Sleep Bassinet, and Fisher-Price Soothing Motions Bassinet. All three use sound, including white noise, to soothe babies to sleep. As has been shown in research, white noise can be helpful in calming infants and getting them to sleep, an undoubtedly critical feature that many parents appreciate. As the AAP notes, however, that needs to be measured against potential cumulative harm posed by white noise, among other sounds; parents can mitigate these harms by placing white noise machines as far away as possible from the baby, on a low setting, and for a limited amount of time only.

For more ways to find peace and quiet, see our guides to the best earplugs for sleeping, the best noise-cancelling headphones, and the best sleep headphones. We also have guidance on using a white noise machine for a baby.

To learn what features to look for in white noise machines, we spoke with Michael Perlis, PhD, director of the behavioral sleep medicine program at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine whose work includes studying the use of white noise machines in treating insomnia. We also interviewed UPenn scientist Mathias Basner, MD, PhD, a professor of sleep and chronobiology in the department of psychiatry who co-authored a clinical review of studies on the use of white noise as a sleep aid, as well as Stanford University sleep researcher Rafael Pelayo, MD, author of How to Sleep: The New Science-Based Solutions for Sleeping Through the Night and a medical consultant to Adaptive Sound Technologies Inc. (ASTI), the maker of two of our picks, the LectroFan EVO and the Sound+Sleep. To understand how noises mask each other, we spent hours talking on the phone and emailing with Stphane Pigeon, PhD, a sound engineer specializing in white noise and the creator of myNoise, our favorite white noise app.

We first tested white noise machines in 2016. After considering nine devices, supervising editor Courtney Schley zeroed in on six for further evaluation, including three white noise machines made by Yogasleep (formerly Marpac): the Dohm Classic (then called the Dohm DS), the Rohm, and the Hushh. She also tested the ASTI LectroFan Classic, the HoMedics Deep Sleep II, and the Sleep Easy Sound Conditioner.

As is expected with white noise machines that generate sounds from a single physical fan, the Dohm is more limited in its masking capabilities compared with its digital counterparts. While it masked softer noises like the freeway traffic as well as the LectroFan EVO when behind a closed door, sounds such as barking dogs or talking people required higher volume just to blur the noise, let alone completely mask it.

Despite costing $10 less than the Dohm, the Yogasleep Whish seemed like it would be a logical upgrade. It offers a wide range of sounds, including six fans, two white noise options, and eight nature noises. Each is clearly marked and easy to access with the press of a button. However, the response is delayed and the buttons are crowded, making it a challenge to find what you need in the dark. The noises also sound harsh and synthetic, particularly compared with the Dohm.

This blog covers the most common questions I get about sound machines, including the research surrounding white noise, how to use white noise for newborns, how loud white noise should be for babies, safe decibel levels for infants, and more.

Have you heard of pink or brown noise? White, pink, and brown noise are all consistent sounds that can be used for relaxation. Remember, white noise is all different frequencies combined together equally. Pink noise mutes the high frequencies a bit; brown noise mutes those high frequencies even more, resulting in a much deeper sound.

Try placing the sound machine between your child and the source of noise. For example, place the sound machine between the crib and the window to block out outside noises, or if you have twins, place the sound machine between their two cribs.

Continuous Noise: Look for a sound machine with continuous sound rather than one with a timer that turns the sound machine off. (This disruption in the noise can cause your baby to wake.)

Among emerging trends to improve sleep is the idea to generate neutral noise as a way to drown out distracting noises or fill gaps in the silence. For some, too much silence can be just as disturbing as car alarms or traffic. Due to the rise in both technology and sleep issues, "white noise" sound machines, apps and streaming playlists have become a necessity for many to get some good shuteye.

According to a recent market analysis, the global white noise machine market size is expected to reach $1.9 billion by 2028. A white noise machine is usually a must-have item on baby registries, as it's recommended by many infant sleep consultants to help babies sleep. Some articles proclaim white noise will give you the "best sleep ever." However, the opposite may be true.

White noise contains all frequencies across the spectrum of audible sound to the human ear, just like how white light contains all colors in the color spectrum. Also known as "broadband sound," white noise plays all audible frequencies at the same intensity, which is measured in decibels. White noise sounds like a "shh" sound in the form of radio static or the hum of an air conditioner. Some of the most viewed videos on YouTube are hours and hours of nothing but gauzy, soft sound.

"White noise, there's no variation there, and so you're masking the sounds that the developing brain needs to listen to during that time period early on," she said. "And that's why white noise is definitely not what you should be using for your baby."

However, it's true that there has been research touting the so-called benefits of white noise. In one study published in the journal Sleep Medicine, 10 people living in New York City found that white noise helped mask environmental noise. Another study published in the journal Frontiers in Neurology in 2017 found that white noise decreased the time it took for 18 people between turning their lights and falling into stage 2 sleep by 38 percent. Aside from sleep, some research has suggested that white noise could be a "therapeutic option" for children with ADHD by improving focus on tasks. In a small study from University of Southern California researchers, for people who don't have ADHD, there still could be cognitive benefits from quiet levels of white noise.

In a systematic review Mathias Basner, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, identified 38 studies that have investigated noise as a sleep aid. While there was evidence that white noise reduced the amount of time people fell asleep, Basner and his co-authors concluded that the quality of these studies was low and that there is no evidence to suggest that there are actually benefits to using white noise. His results were published in Sleep Medicine Reviews in 2020.

Basner said he agrees there are potential negative effects of using white noise while you sleep for a number of reasons. First, he said that if a sound is being played back constantly it could negatively affect sleep. Then there's the idea that the brain is recuperating while we sleep.

"The idea is that the auditory system also needs to recuperate and the best time to do that is during the night because sound levels are typically lower," Basner said. "So, introducing a noise source in the bedroom basically means that the auditory system is constantly processing those noise events or those sounds."

As for infants and toddlers, Basner said we need more data, especially in regards to long-term exposure. Fortunately, he and his colleagues are working on a study to try and answer some of these questions. In the meantime, he doesn't think it's a good idea to do white noise or any color of noise.

"They're all broadband noise," Basner said. "in my field, sleep research, we wouldn't be able to say whether one is better, better or worse than the other because there's literally nothing out there."

If you want a wide assortment of bells and whistles at a reasonable price point, the FridaBaby 2-in-1 Portable Sound Machine + Nightlight is a great bet. Along with five different sounds that range from lullaby to heartbeat, this baby sound machine features a clock, an alarm, a mood light, a night-light, a speaker and a sound machine. Your child can also express their current mood by changing the color of the night-light, and you can connect the machine to Bluetooth to play your own tunes if you wish.


Plus, you can set an automatic-shutoff timer for 15, 30 or 60 minutes. It's also chargeable via USB and small enough to tote along with you from the crib to the changing table, especially with the handy adjustable strap. Our Media & Tech Lab found that the maximum sound went to 78.5 decibels with the bird noise, so avoid playing that sound near your child's head, but all other sounds measured at less than 70 decibels at maximum volume. There's a child lock, but it only locks the alarm setting, not the volume, power or sound-changing buttons.

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