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In a jolt to the ruling Congress, its Amritsar (rural) district president Bhagwant Pal Singh Sachar on Sunday joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the presence of its national general secretary Tarun Chugh, expressing disappointment over being denied the ticket from Majitha assembly segment.

Materials and methods: 236 health professionals (of allopathy, ayurveda, and homeopathy) from urban and rural areas were assessed by means of structured questionnaire related to oral health practices and beliefs.

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Results: Doctors practicing in urban areas assessed dental care needs more frequently (P = 0.038) and performed greater practices related to oral health of geriatrics (P = 0.043) than the doctors practicing in primary health care (PHC) centers (rural) (P = 0.038).

Menopausal transition is associated with increasing abdominal obesity and the emergence of many features of the metabolic syndrome. The accumulation of fat in a central distribution (intra abdominal) has emerged as a cardiovascular risk factor independent of overall obesity. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and the components of metabolic syndrome in the north Indian rural and urban; pre and post menopausal women in the age range of 25-60 years. In a cross sectional study comprising of 200 subjects selected from the north Indian rural and urban population equally, 100 of the subjects were premenopausal in the age range of 25-40 years and an equal number of subjects were post menopausal in the age range of 45-60 years. Participants underwent demographic, anthropometric and biochemical measurements. The adult treatment panel 3 (ATP3) criteria was used to classify subjects as having metabolic syndrome. Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 15; SPSS, Chicago, IL). Numerical variables were expressed as means SD. 71% of post-menopausal subjects were having higher waist circumference (>88 cm), suggestive of abdominal obesity as compared to 56% of pre-menopausal counterparts. BMI (Body mass index) was in the normal range in both the study subjects. Higher numbers of post-menopausal (41% rural and 43% urban) subjects were having components of metabolic syndrome as compared to (20% rural and 27% urban) pre-menopausal subjects. The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome was also higher in post-menopausal subjects. Abdominal obesity correlates with metabolic risk factors independent of age or menopausal status Menopausal transition by increasing abdominal obesity heightens the risk of metabolic syndrome. Early interventions in the form of life style and dietary changes can lower the risk of metabolic syndrome both in pre and post menopausal subjects.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in the North Indian population including a total of 200 healthy women. 100 of them were pre-menopausal in the age range of 25-40 years while the rest of the 100 women were postmenopausal aged between 45-60 years, selected from the rural and urban population equally. The premenopausal women were regularly menstruating, non-pregnant, and non-lactating with no use of hormonal contraception for at least 1 year.

The study subjects were distributed in to two main groups- (I) and (II) of Premenopausal and Postmenopausal women. These study groups (I) and (II) were further subcategorized as A (rural) and B(urban); I (A) and I (B) included rural and urban premenopausal subjects whereas II (A) and II (B) included post menopausal s rural and urban subjects respectively. Each subgroup comprised of 50 subjects.

A larger number of post-menopausal subjects were having components of metabolic syndrome as compared to pre-menopausal counterparts. Statistically insignificant variations were observed amongst rural and urban subjects with urban subjects having higher values than the rural ones.

Statistically insignificant variations were observed in the rural and urban groups. The levels of all the parameters in both the study groups (premenopausal as well as post menopausal) were found to be higher in the urban groups as compared to their rural counterparts. The post menopausal subjects were having significantly higher WHR, SP, DP,FBG, Serum TC, TGs, VLDLc, and LDLc, but low HDLc in both rural and urban groups as compared to premenopausal counterparts.

The post menopausal subjects in both rural and urban groups were having higher number of components of metabolic syndrome. Waist circumference, systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were found to be higher in post menopausal subjects.

Central obesity (>88 cm of waist circumference) was observed in 68% of the rural and 74% of the urban post menopausal subjects of the present study (Table 3). BMI though higher in the post menopausal subjects (Table 1) was not suggestive of obesity but the waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were more conclusive of prevalence of central obesity amongst post menopausal subjects (Tables 1-3). Similar findings were reported by a number of studies [27,28].

Central obesity was also observed in the premenopausal subjects of present study. 27% of the rural and 31% of the urban premenopausal subjects were found with higher waist circumference (>88 cm-Table 3). Dietary habits, physical inactivity, socioeconomic or genetic background might be the factors to account for central obesity in these subjects.

The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in postmenopausal subjects. In the rural and urban post menopausal groups it was 41% and 43% respectively in comparison to 20% and 27% of the premenopausal subjects (Figure 2). These results were consistent with many of previous studies [34-38], where post-menopausal women were found to be at higher risk of MS than pre-menopausal women. e24fc04721