The South American continent is dominated by Brazil, which in turn is dominated by the massive Amazon rainforest that takes up most of its area. There are, however, many other physical features and different types of environments in the 13 countries that make up the continent. Southern Chile and Argentina, for example, have a temperate climate similar to much of Europe or North America, and there is also a desert and the towering Andes mountain range.
The present article describes the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network, which was designed to provide ongoing transnational empirical evidence about physical activity and sedentary behavior in South America. The first goal of this initiative was to form a representative body of researchers and policy makers from all South American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela) to establish priorities and targets for the short, medium and long term. Examples are given of connecting physical activity and sedentary data from existing surveys in several of the partner countries. The main objective of the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network will be to impact policies on physical activity and sedentary behavior in South America according to the singularities of each country or region. By encouraging an inclusive and collaborative effort, we expect that the South American Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Network will support the connection between researchers from South America as well as provide a better comprehension of the epidemiology of physical activity and sedentary behavior regionally.
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Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are major concerns for public health. Although global initiatives have been successful in monitoring physical activity (PA) worldwide, there is no systematic action for the monitoring of correlates of these behaviors, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Here we describe the prevalence and distribution of PA domains and sitting time in population sub-groups of six south American countries.
Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) and decreasing sedentary behavior are recognized as protective lifestyle behaviors against several non-communicable diseases, mental disorders, and all-cause mortality [1, 2]. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that initiatives need to be taken on regional, national, and individual levels to stimulate PA and decrease sedentary behavior [3]. In order to develop effective interventions, it is important to detect trends in these lifestyle behaviors in an early stage and to identify their determinants [4]. This could be achieved through global monitoring of PA and sedentary behavior. The Global Observatory for Physical Activity -GoPA! [5] and the World Health Organization Working Group [3, 6] are global initiatives for PA monitoring. These initiatives initially focused on PA but not on sedentary behavior and their combination. Recently, GoPA! started work toward the inclusion of sedentary behavior in the report cards (which describe several PA indicators of each country, including prevalence, research indicators, and PA policies), however, this is still in the implementation phase.
Harmonized meta-analysis of the association between total physical activity and educational status by sex. Odds ratio of educational status refers to college or more vs. lower than secondary school. Odds ratio results are adjusted by age group and calculated using sampling weights. Weights are from random effects analysis. OR, odds ratio. 95%CI, 95% confidence interval
Harmonized meta-analysis of the association between total physical activity and educational status by age group. Odds ratio of educational status refers to college or more vs. lower than secondary school. Odds ratio results are adjusted by sex and calculated using sampling weights. Weights are from random effects analysis. OR, odds ratio. 95%CI, 95% confidence interval
The current study presents some limitations. Firstly, even though the aim of the SAPASEN is to build a representative dataset from each South American country, two countries reported the absence of national representative datasets on PA and sedentary behavior indicators after 2005 (Guyana and Bolivia). In addition, four countries did not make the data from their surveys available (Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela). Despite these difficulties, we presented representative data covering a region with more than 320 million people, which covers 76% of the South American population. Although we used the most recent representative sample of the countries, data ranged from 2009 to 2014. However, recent global analysis found no temporal trend in physical inactivity between 2009 and 2015 [6]. Moreover, estimates derived from harmonized meta-analyses should be extrapolated with caution, considering that the questionnaires were different. A final limitation is that our measures of PA and sedentary behavior were based on self-report measures. Whilst this method enables the collection of data from large numbers of nationally representative data, added to which, the questionnaires have been validated, the method is prone to recall bias.
Despite the benefits of physical activity for different health outcomes, many people are still not as active as the World Health Organization guidelines recommend. Global prevalence of insufficient inactivity (less than 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity) is 27.5% among adults [1]. Prevalence is higher in Latin America and the Caribbean, where 39.1% of adults and 81.1% of adolescents are insufficiently physically active [1, 2]. Women and people of lower socioeconomic status are even more likely to be insufficiently active, especially during leisure-time, adding to health inequality.
In contrast to occupational and transportation physical activity, leisure-time physical activity is generally autonomous behavior, in which people can change their leisure-time behaviors if they choose and if they have opportunities to. But in most Latin American countries, prevalence of any leisure-time physical activity is less than 50% [5], indicating poor access to physical activity opportunities and facilities. In this region, physical activity, particularly during leisure-time, has increased over the years [5, 6] but inequalities related to income and gender also increased, and gender inequalities persist [5, 6].
Several Latin American countries have a national policy on physical activity [7] and there are consolidated programs to promote physical activity, such as the Ciclovia in Colombia, as well as the Agita So Paulo and the Academia da Cidade in Brazil [8]. Multiple school-based physical activity programs have increased physical activity levels [8]. But despite being promising, innovative, effective in their communities, and likely contributors to the general trend of increasing leisure-time physical activity in Latin America, these strategies insufficiently increased participation in physical activities and did not effectively reduce sociodemographic inequalities in participation.
People of lower socioeconomic status should also be prioritized. Since they frequently live far from their jobs in cities and have less leisure time in which to be physical active, they may benefit if parks were built or revitalized in their communities. Most public physical activity facilities are located in wealthier neighborhoods [10]. To reduce inequity, interventions must account for unequal social and spatial distribution of physical activity initiatives in the urban environment, if they are to reach the neediest populations. Other social, economic, and political factors that create and sustain inequities must also be taken into account, since the problem in not just one of access.
There are other types of inequalities in physical activity practice. For example, older people and those with disability are less physically active than younger people and people without disabilities, indicating the necessity to incorporate physical activity into national health system. For instance, the Brazilian National Health Service (Sistema nico de Sade in Portuguese) has addressed this by implementing the Family Health Strategy, which provides physical activity counselors.
There are many challenges to reducing inequalities in physical activity practice in Latin America, but addressing inequality should increase the level of physical activity at the population level and help prevent many non-communicable diseases. National physical activity policies must take action to promote physical activity in disadvantaged groups, including among women, people with limited financial resources, older adults, and people with disabilities.
South America is one of Earth's seven continents. It is located entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Southern Ocean, on the east and north by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the northwest by North America. South America's connection to North America via the Isthmus of Panama is slender enough that it is considered a separate continent. Some geographers treat the two continents as a single supercontinent called simply ''America,'' but this is not the mainstream position.
While only the fourth largest continent, South America has a great deal of diversity when it comes to its physical geography. From the soaring peaks of the Andes Mountains to the jungles of Brazil, the scorching hot deserts of Chile and the vastness of Patagonia, South America has it all. In this lesson, we'll look at the four major physical geographic regions of the continent.
South America is also located mainly in the Southern Hemisphere. This is the half of Earth located south of the equator, an imaginary line running around the earth halfway between the North and South Poles. The lines that run parallel to the equator are lines of latitude, and indicate the relative north or south position of a point on Earth's surface. Small portions of Brazil and Ecuador, most of Colombia, and all of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana are in the Northern Hemisphere, or north of the equator. The rest of South America is in the Southern Hemisphere. e24fc04721
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