As a general rule, Entity Framework Core attempts to evaluate a query on the server as much as possible. EF Core converts parts of the query into parameters, which it can evaluate on the client side. The rest of the query (along with the generated parameters) is given to the database provider to determine the equivalent database query to evaluate on the server. EF Core supports partial client evaluation in the top-level projection (essentially, the last call to Select()). If the top-level projection in the query can't be translated to the server, EF Core will fetch any required data from the server and evaluate remaining parts of the query on the client. If EF Core detects an expression, in any place other than the top-level projection, which can't be translated to the server, then it throws a runtime exception. See How queries work to understand how EF Core determines what can't be translated to server.

While client evaluation is useful, it can result in poor performance sometimes. Consider the following query, in which the helper method is now used in a where filter. Because the filter can't be applied in the database, all the data needs to be pulled into memory to apply the filter on the client. Based on the filter and the amount of data on the server, client evaluation could result in poor performance. So Entity Framework Core blocks such client evaluation and throws a runtime exception.


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In such cases, you can explicitly opt into client evaluation by calling methods like AsEnumerable or ToList (AsAsyncEnumerable or ToListAsync for async). By using AsEnumerable you would be streaming the results, but using ToList would cause buffering by creating a list, which also takes additional memory. Though if you're enumerating multiple times, then storing results in a list helps more since there's only one query to the database. Depending on the particular usage, you should evaluate which method is more useful for the case.

Since query translation and compilation are expensive, EF Core caches the compiled query plan. The cached delegate may use client code while doing client evaluation of top-level projection. EF Core generates parameters for the client-evaluated parts of the tree and reuses the query plan by replacing the parameter values. But certain constants in the expression tree can't be converted into parameters. If the cached delegate contains such constants, then those objects can't be garbage collected since they're still being referenced. If such an object contains a DbContext or other services in it, then it could cause the memory usage of the app to grow over time. This behavior is generally a sign of a memory leak. EF Core throws an exception whenever it comes across constants of a type that can't be mapped using current database provider. Common causes and their solutions are as follows:

Older EF Core versions supported client evaluation in any part of the query--not just the top-level projection. That's why queries similar to one posted under the Unsupported client evaluation section worked correctly. Since this behavior could cause unnoticed performance issues, EF Core logged a client evaluation warning. For more information on viewing logging output, see Logging.

Optionally EF Core allowed you to change the default behavior to either throw an exception or do nothing when doing client evaluation (except for in the projection). The exception throwing behavior would make it similar to the behavior in 3.0. To change the behavior, you need to configure warnings while setting up the options for your context - typically in DbContext.OnConfiguring, or in Startup.cs if you're using ASP.NET Core.

Despite this trick, it is correct and not contrary to the Microsoft license terms to convert the evaluation version to the normal one. To do this, you will need to run the command prompt as an administrator and follow the instructions below.

I was recently able to acquire a license key for Windows Server 2019 Standard and decided to do some research to see how difficult it would be to upgrade my Eval servers to Standard. Thankfully, the process is pretty painless and I will be walking you through it. In my case, I will be upgrading my primary domain controller.

After upgrading my server, I wanted to try my best to ensure all functionality was retained by domain controller. To do this, I visited my secondary domain controller and ran Test-ComputerSecureChannel. It's worth noting that this command needs to be run on a domain controller other than the one you just upgraded.

I've got a Windows Server 2008 Standard installation here that I'm trying to upgrade to Windows Server 2012 Server, using the evaluation version. (The scenario is essentially that I need to test the upgrade, and specifically the upgrade process, before we spend the money on going ahead with the actual upgrade.)

Is this (non-upgradability) a known limitation of the evaluation version? (Unfortunately, I haven't found a clear answer on this point.) And if not, any thoughts on where else I might look for the problem and solutions to it?

You should read this document if you're creating an iOS or Mac OS X program that uses HTTPS, TLS or SSL to talk to a server securely, and you need to resolve a server trust evaluation failure or enforce a stricter form of server trust evaluation.

In this case error -1202 in the NSURLErrorDomain domain is NSURLErrorServerCertificateUntrusted, which means that server trust evaluation has failed. You might also receive a variety of other errors; Appendix A: Common Server Trust Evaluation Errors lists the most common ones.

Blindly following this advice is a serious mistake. HTTPS (actually, the underlying TLS protocol) offers two important security guarantees, and if you disable server trust evaluation you totally invalidate one of these guarantees.

Warning: Disabling server trust evaluation puts the user's security at risk. Do not do it in any code you intend to ship to end users. If server trust evaluation is failing, you must understand why it's failing and decide on the best way to resolve that failure.

In most cases the best way to resolve a server trust evalution failure is to fix the server. This has two benefits: it offers the best security and it reduces the amount of code you have to write. The remainder of this technote describes how you can diagnose server trust evaluation failures and, if it's not possible to fix the server, how you can customize server trust evaluation to allow your connection to proceed without completely undermining the user's security.

Important: To securely resolve a server trust evaluation failure you will have to understand a lot of security jargon. There is a glossary at the end of this document, and the first time a jargon term is used, it contains a link to its glossary entry.

Note: TLS also supports server-authenticates-client authentication. This authentication is optional at both ends: the server must specifically request a certificate from the client, the client may choose to apply a client identity (and thus supply its client certificate to the server, if the server requested it), and the server may choose to allow or deny connections based on whether the client applied a client identity and, if it did, the particulars of the identity's certificate. This is an important technique but it is outside the scope of this document and thus not discussed further here.

If disabling server trust evaluation completely is a mistake, what should you do? Your first step should be to diagnose the problem. To do this, read Understanding Server Trust Evaluation Failures. Once you understand the problem you'll likely find that the easiest solution is to fix the server. This reduces the amount of code you have to write and guarantees the user's security.

If it's not possible to fix the server, you will need to customize the server trust evaluation to allow the connection to proceed without completely undermining the user's security. Basic Trust Customization explains the general process for customizing server trust evaluation; it's followed by Trust Customization for Specific APIs which explains the process for various commonly-used APIs. Finally, Resolving Specific Server Trust Evaluation Failures is a discussion of how to work around specific server trust evaluation problems.

When you connect to a server using TLS, it gives you the certificate of the server and guarantees that the server holds the private key that matches the public key embedded in that certificate. This is the first step in establishing a secure connection. The second step, which is just as critical, is for you to examine the certificate you got from the server to decide whether it matches the server you are expecting to talk to. This process is known as server trust evaluation, and this section describes the basic techniques involved.

If the digital signature is valid then the certificate is a guarantee from the issuer that the subject holds the private key associated with the public key in the certificate. For example, the certificate for DevForums ( ) is (at the time of writing) issued by Entrust, and by signing that certificate Entrust is guaranteeing that the maintainers of the DevForums server hold the private key associated with the public key in the certificate.

Clearly this recursive process must terminate eventually. Trust evaluation can succeed in only one case: if it hits a trusted anchor. A trusted anchor is a certificate that the system trusts implicitly, typically because it's the root certificate of a well-known certificate authority that has been baked in to the system.

If X.509 trust evaluation is successful, the system then applies additional TLS-specific checks. In practice this involves checking that the DNS name that you are attempting to connect to matches the DNS name in the certificate. There are, however, a few wrinkles:

Important: The first three criteria apply to all certificates in the path of certificates leading from the server certificate to the trusted anchor. For example, if server trust evaluation fails due to a date problem, you must check the valid date range of the server certificate, any intermediate certificates leading to the trusted anchor, and the trusted anchor itself. e24fc04721

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