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A. HISTORY OF BOTANY
A. HISTORY OF BOTANY
Botany, also called plant sciences or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. The term “ botany’’ comes from the Ancient Greek word Boravn ( botane ) meaning “ pasture ”, grass or fodder. A person who studies plants may be called a botanist or a plant scientist.
Botany, also called plant sciences or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. The term “ botany’’ comes from the Ancient Greek word Boravn ( botane ) meaning “ pasture ”, grass or fodder. A person who studies plants may be called a botanist or a plant scientist.
Botany is the scientific study of plants. "Plants," to most people, means a wide range of living organisms from the smallest bacteria to thje largest living things - the giant sequoia trees. By this definition plants include: algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants.
Botany is the scientific study of plants. "Plants," to most people, means a wide range of living organisms from the smallest bacteria to thje largest living things - the giant sequoia trees. By this definition plants include: algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants.
Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify- later – cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science.
Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify- later – cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science.
During the middle ages, most botanical study was carried on in monasteries and in gardens which were kept by wealthy men and later by universities. The study was often mixture of observations upon plants structure and behavior, with accounts of the superstitions about and the mythology of plants. Emphasis was placed upon the study of edible and medicinal plants and frequently upon the descriptions of plant forms.
During the middle ages, most botanical study was carried on in monasteries and in gardens which were kept by wealthy men and later by universities. The study was often mixture of observations upon plants structure and behavior, with accounts of the superstitions about and the mythology of plants. Emphasis was placed upon the study of edible and medicinal plants and frequently upon the descriptions of plant forms.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microcopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microcopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematic and plant taxonomy.
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematic and plant taxonomy.
The most common themes in the 21st century plants science are molecular genetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods and textiles, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.
The most common themes in the 21st century plants science are molecular genetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods and textiles, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.
B. Importance of Botany
B. Importance of Botany
Botany is the scientific study of plants. "Plants," to most people, means a wide range of living organisms from the smallest bacteria to the largest living things - the giant sequoia trees. By this definition plants include: algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants.
Botany is the scientific study of plants. "Plants," to most people, means a wide range of living organisms from the smallest bacteria to the largest living things - the giant sequoia trees. By this definition plants include: algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants.
C. The Purpose of Botany
C. The Purpose of Botany
Botany, branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes. Also included are plant classification and the study of plant diseases and of interactions with the environment.
Botany, branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes. Also included are plant classification and the study of plant diseases and of interactions with the environment.
D. Why Do We Study Botany
D. Why Do We Study Botany
Botany is important primarily because it is the scientific study of plants, which are in turn used in many aspects of human life. ... Botanists interested in ecology studyinteractions of plants with other organisms and the environment.Botany have importance in Environment.
Botany is important primarily because it is the scientific study of plants, which are in turn used in many aspects of human life. ... Botanists interested in ecology studyinteractions of plants with other organisms and the environment.Botany have importance in Environment.
How Plants are Classified
How Plants are Classified
All living things that humans know about are classified into the TAXONOMIC system which always uses Latin names so that people in different countries can compare their flora and fauna easily – a sort of international language for naming living things. The rules about naming things are very strict, but they are strict like a contrary-minded aunt who keeps changing her mind.
All living things that humans know about are classified into the TAXONOMIC system which always uses Latin names so that people in different countries can compare their flora and fauna easily – a sort of international language for naming living things. The rules about naming things are very strict, but they are strict like a contrary-minded aunt who keeps changing her mind.
Classifying Plants
Classifying Plants
Plants belong to the Plant Kingdom, one of the five kingdoms of living things. Plants are classified into small groups, according to shared characteristics. All plants share certain features. They are made up of many cells. They also produce their own food by a chemical process called photosynthesis, using water, carbon dioxide, and the energy of sunlight. As a by – product, they release life-giving oxygen into the air.
Plants belong to the Plant Kingdom, one of the five kingdoms of living things. Plants are classified into small groups, according to shared characteristics. All plants share certain features. They are made up of many cells. They also produce their own food by a chemical process called photosynthesis, using water, carbon dioxide, and the energy of sunlight. As a by – product, they release life-giving oxygen into the air.
Botanist classifies plants into groups that have similar characteristics. Plants within a group are more closely related to other members of their own group than to members of another group, just as you are more closely related to your parents and brothers and sisters than you are to families of other students in your class. Six major plants groups are listed here. More about two other groups of organisms, fungi and red algae.
Botanist classifies plants into groups that have similar characteristics. Plants within a group are more closely related to other members of their own group than to members of another group, just as you are more closely related to your parents and brothers and sisters than you are to families of other students in your class. Six major plants groups are listed here. More about two other groups of organisms, fungi and red algae.
Angiosperms ( Flowering plants )
Angiosperms ( Flowering plants )
· Dicotyledons
· Dicotyledons
a. Aceraceae ( Maple Family )
a. Aceraceae ( Maple Family )
b. Asteraceae ( Daisy Family )
b. Asteraceae ( Daisy Family )
c. Fabaceae( Pea Family )
c. Fabaceae( Pea Family )
Dicotyledon, by name dicot, any member of the flowering plants or angiosperms, which has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed. There are about 175,000 known species of dicots. Most common garden plants, shrubs and trees, and broad-leafed flowering plants such as magnolias, roses, geraniums, and hollyhocks are dicots. Dicots typiocally also have flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils) based on a plan of four or five ,lor multiples thereof, although there are exceptions. The leaves are net-veined in most, which means the vessels that conduct water and food show a meshlike pattern.
Dicotyledon, by name dicot, any member of the flowering plants or angiosperms, which has a pair of leaves, or cotyledons, in the embryo of the seed. There are about 175,000 known species of dicots. Most common garden plants, shrubs and trees, and broad-leafed flowering plants such as magnolias, roses, geraniums, and hollyhocks are dicots. Dicots typiocally also have flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils) based on a plan of four or five ,lor multiples thereof, although there are exceptions. The leaves are net-veined in most, which means the vessels that conduct water and food show a meshlike pattern.
· Monocotyledon
· Monocotyledon
a. Liliaceae ( Lily Family )
a. Liliaceae ( Lily Family )
b. Orchidaceae ( Orchid Family )
b. Orchidaceae ( Orchid Family )
Monocotyledons are those plants whose embryo only has one cotyledon. There are approximately 59,300 species of monocotysledons in the world. Some of the common monocots include: lilies, daffodils, irises, amaryllis and orchids as well as cannas, bluebells and tulips.
Monocotyledons are those plants whose embryo only has one cotyledon. There are approximately 59,300 species of monocotysledons in the world. Some of the common monocots include: lilies, daffodils, irises, amaryllis and orchids as well as cannas, bluebells and tulips.
Gymnosperms (Plant with unenclosed seeds)
Gymnosperms (Plant with unenclosed seeds)
· Conifers
· Conifers
a. Pinaceae (Pine Family)
a. Pinaceae (Pine Family)
b. Cupressaceae (juniper family)
b. Cupressaceae (juniper family)
· Ephedra Group
· Ephedra Group
a. Ephedraceae (Mormon Tea Family)
a. Ephedraceae (Mormon Tea Family)
· Horsetails
· Horsetails
a. Equisetaceae
a. Equisetaceae
· Ferns
· Ferns
· Bryophytes
· Bryophytes
a. Mosses
a. Mosses
b.Liverworts
b.Liverworts
Plants are green because they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures some of the energy in sunlight and uses this to make food. This process is called photosynthesis. Most plants make food this way, but a small number also digest other living things.
Plants are green because they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures some of the energy in sunlight and uses this to make food. This process is called photosynthesis. Most plants make food this way, but a small number also digest other living things.
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