Cool roof qualifications, such as minimum values of solar reflectance and thermal emittance, vary by standard or program, location, building type, and roof slope. Therefore, there is no single definition of a cool roof. However, the Rated Products Directory of the Cool Roof Rating Council reports the solar reflectance and thermal emittance of thousands of roofing products.


The drawing illustrates the basic principle of a Passive House: Ventilation has to deliver at least the fresh air required for an acceptable indoor air quality. Isnt it possible to use just this amount of air to heat (and cool) the house? - Yes, in principle this is possible, but the maximum heat load which can be dealed with by this concept ist very low.


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From experience (and DIN 1946) we know, that 30 m/h is a minimum air rate per person to maintain a reasonable indoor air quality (Yes, in airoplanes you often get only 12 or 15 m/h. But - is this a reasonable good indoor air quality?). Air has a specific heat capacity of 0,33 Wh/(mK) (at 21C). It is allowed to increase the fresh air temperature by 30 K, not more, to avoid pyrolysis of dust. You get

That shows: 300 Watt per person can be delivered by a fresh air heating system. If you have e.g. 30 m living space per person, you get 10 W per m living space. This value is independend of the climate. So far all values are peak load values, that is the maximum heat capacity needed at design conditions. In dependence of the external climate Passive Houses will have to be insulated to a different level: More insulation in Stockholm, less in Roma.

"A Passive House ist a building, for which thermal comfort (ISO 7730) can be achived solely by postheating or postcooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to fullfill sufficient indoor air quality conditions (DIN 1946) - without a need for recirculated air."

This is a purely functional definition. It does not need any numerical value and it is independend of climate. From this definition it is clear, that the Passive House is not an arbitrary standard enacted by somebody, but a fundamential concept. Passive Houses have not been "invented", but the conditions to use the passive principle has been discovered. One could argue about, whether the noun "Passive House" is adequat to denote this concept. Well - there is no better one. Thermal comfort is delivered in a Passive House by passive measures as far as reasonable (insulation, heat recovery in the temperature gradient, passive utilized solar energy and internal heat loads). To use only passive measures might be possible in some climates - but it will not be reasonable in most of them.

An even better understanding we get from the following practical considerations:

 

 1) In airtight houses one always needs a ventilation system (ask the Sweds). All really energy efficient houses have to be airtight. That means, that with the Passive House concept the technical component "ventilation system", which one needs anyhow, will be sufficient to heat (and to cool) the building without additional ducts, hugher duct diameters, additional ventilators,...

2) This concept makes it possible, to construct buildings with a very efficient heat recovery and to do that cost-effective. This is difficult in other cases, because heat recovery systems form a quite expensive additional investment to the heating system - normally it is difficult to have a reasonable pay-back-time. Therefor it is a good idea to reduce costs of at least one of the two systems: The ventilation or the heating system. If one reduces costs for the ventilation systems by choosing e.g. just an exhaust fan ventilation, then the ventilation heat losses will be quite high and the building will need a conventional heating system - in this case the result could be a low energy house. Or the heating part is simplified in a way, that it can be integrated into the ventilation system - in that case the building will be a passive house.

The extraordinary low consumptions of passive houses are just a direct consequence of the concept given above. To deliver all the space heating just by heating with fresh air can only work, if the overall heat losses are very low. Therefor the insulation of the building envelope has to be very good - at lest in cold climates. But the same holds for hot climates, if the fresh air supply has to be sufficient for airconditioning.

The following calculation illustrates the heating load Passive House requirement:


To ensure good indoor air quality, one person needs about 30 m of fresh air per hour. This supply air can only be heated up to 50C to avoid the scorching of dust. The specific heat capacity of air is 0.33 Wh/(mK) at normal pressure and a temperature of approx. 21C (comfort, see ISO 7730). From this the heat flow can be calculated:



The specific values for heating loads (measured in W (Watt))are not identical to the ones for energy (measured in kilowatt hours (kWh)), the numbers for which are often easier to come by. The Passive House heating demand criterion of 15 kWh/(myr) typically relates to a heating load of 10W/m in Central European climates, however, it is only supposed to serve as a rough benchmark which may vary with different climatic conditions: in Stockholm a house with a heating load of 10W/m may use more like 20kWh/(myr); in Rome it might be as low as 10kWh/(myr).The Passive House criteria allow buildings to go by either criterion - the 15 kWh/(myr) heat demand OR the 10W/m heating load. 



I made these with regular potatoes, and they were divine! I froze half the batch. When I cooked the frozen batch they completely fell apart and essentially became boiled mashed potatoes. Any idea why? Not enough handling? Undercooked potatoes? Wrong proportions? May have used too much potato, but otherwise followed the recipe. Trying again today, because they were so good fresh!

There is no age-requirement threshold to get benefits as your own household. [ACIN I-39-13.] There are some age-based rules about household composition regarding people who cannot have separate households. Households with minor children (or certain children under 19) who meet federal TANF work requirements, can get a small supplemental benefit. [ACL 13-71.]

Once the composition of the household is determined, the income and resources of its members are used to determine eligibility. If no exceptions apply, the household must have a gross income below 130% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL), and a net income below 100% FPL. Many exceptions exist, and a few are detailed below. [7 C.F.R.  273.9.]

A domestic violence survivor who is a resident of a shelter and whose current CalFresh household includes the abuser can apply for CalFresh as a separate household and may be eligible for an additional allotment of CalFresh once per month. Shelter residents and their children can be aided as members of the former household and as members of a new household once per month. [Welf. & Inst. Code  18914.5; ACL 17-30.] These rules apply to all domestic violence survivors regardless of gender or sex. [ACIN I-09-18.]

If the domestic violence survivor is the head of household, the survivor may ask to close the former CalFresh case that included the abuser. If the request is made is writing or in the presence of an eligibility worker, the change can be made with adequate notice. If the request is made verbally, the county must provide both adequate and timely (10 days) notice. [Id.]

A family may apply for CalFresh for someone who is already receiving CalFresh in another household. In that situation, the county must verify with whom the individual shares the majority of his/her meals. [ACIN I-21-12.] If the county determines that the child should be aided in the applicant household; the county discontinues aid for the child in the former household mid-period and grants CalFresh benefits to the new household. [Id.] If the household where the new member has moved is applying for CalFresh (as opposed to adding new member to an existing CalFresh household) the new applicant household may be entitled to get Expedited Service, if otherwise eligible, except for the new household member whose presence is in question.

Milling fresh flour at home is very different from professional large milling operations. At home, flour is typically milled in a single pass. Depending on their milling method, a large miller might successively crack (or crush) the berry in a long process of increasing fineness to ensure optimal bran, germ, and endosperm separation. They want such separation so that they can produce types of flours by holding back or including bran and germ for whiter or darker flour, respectively.

Place your sifting screen over (or inside) a large metal bowl. Then, pour the freshly milled flour on top and shake both the bowl and screen to encourage the finer bits to fall through the screen. Continue doing this until it looks like only the large bran and germ are left on top of the screen.

Note that you can also purchase freshly milled flour from these companies. While it can sometimes be hard to determine just how fresh flour is unless you mill it yourself, the flour I purchase from the following places is always high quality. If you want to give working with fresh flour a try before you invest in a mill, these are good places to start.

Since we mill the entire berry, the flour contains all of the bran and germ, both of which absorb significant amounts of water. So you need to adjust the hydration to accommodate for that increased absorption. In addition, I typically find that fresh ground whole grain flour tends to need more water than aged whole grain flour.

If you're not sifting your flour, freshly milled flour is whole grain, meaning 100% of the grain berry that goes into the mill is used to mix the dough. Typically, with higher whole grain percentages, fermentation activity will also be increased. e24fc04721

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