Civil Engineering: Civil engineering focuses on the planning, design, construction, and operation of civilian infrastructure like transit systems and space satellites. It utilizes advanced technology and computer-aided design (CAD) to solve problems related to pollution, traffic, and urban development. The field includes seven major disciplines: structural, environmental, geotechnical, water resources, transportation, construction, and urban planning. Civil engineers use advanced materials and technologies to better structural performance and sustainability. A bachelor's degree in engineering is typically required, and career opportunities are growing due to infrastructure needs and population growth​​.

Building Science: Building science studies the performance of buildings, including structural analysis, materials characterization, and understanding forces and stresses. Structural analysis uses geometry and physics to break down complex systems and determine system capabilities, such as in truss bridges. Material properties like elasticity, compression, and tension are extremely important for designing durable structures. Elastic materials return to their original shape after stress, while inelastic materials do not. This field ensures safety and durability in construction by understanding how different materials respond to forces​​.

• Define the problem

• Generate alternative solutions

• Evaluate and select a solution

• Detail the design

• Defend the design

• Manufacture and test the design

• Evaluate the performance of the design

• Prepare the final design report