Quick Overview

"How Learning Works: Eight Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching" is a classic in teaching and instructional design. The book lays out eight research-based principles that explain how people learn. Here’s a clear summary of each: 

1. Prior Knowledge: Students’ prior knowledge can help or hinder learning. 

   • Accurate and relevant prior knowledge supports new learning. 

   • Inaccurate, insufficient, or overly rigid prior knowledge interferes. 

2. Organization and Knowledge: How students organize knowledge affects how they learn and apply it. 

   • Well-structured knowledge networks promote retrieval and transfer. 

   • Poorly organized knowledge makes learning fragmented and harder to apply. 

3. Motivation: Students’ motivation determines, directs, and sustains what they do to learn. 

   • Motivation depends on the perceived value of the task and students’ expectations for success. 

4. Mastery: To develop mastery, students must acquire component skills, practice integrating them, and know when to apply them. 

   • Expertise requires not just knowledge, but also coordinated skills and contextual judgment. 

5. Practice and Feedback: Practice & Feedback: Goal-directed practice coupled with targeted feedback enhances learning.  

   • Practice needs to be focused, challenging, and aligned with goals.

   • Feedback should be timely, specific, and constructive.

6. Course Climate: Students’ current level of development and the climate of the course interact to influence learning. 

   • A supportive climate fosters engagement and persistence.

   • A hostile or exclusive climate undermines learning.

7. Metacognition: Students must learn to monitor and adjust their own approaches to learning.

   • Novices often lack awareness of their strengths/weaknesses.

   • Building self-regulation helps students become independent learners.

8. Self-Regulated Learning: To become self-directed learners, students must develop the skills to monitor and adjust their learning strategies. 

   • Reflection, goal-setting, and self-assessment help students improve over time. 

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Learning Sciences & Cognitive Psychology

  • The principles connect directly to concepts like working memory, cognitive load, and schema theory (organization of knowledge).

• Instructional Design Models

  • Frameworks such as ADDIE or Backward Design echo these principles by emphasizing alignment of objectives, practice, and feedback.

• Motivation Theories

  • The principle on motivation ties to Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (autonomy, competence, relatedness) and expectancy-value theory.

• Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

  • The ideas about course climate, prior knowledge, and developmental readiness align with UDL’s focus on multiple means of engagement, representation, and expression.

• Assessment & Evaluation

  • The feedback and practice principle links to formative assessment, feedback loops, and authentic assessment strategies.

Learn More

• "How Learning Works: Eight Research-Based Principles for Smart Teaching"

Quick Overview

Engagement in online courses means more than just logging in—it’s about actively participating in the learning process. Unlike traditional classrooms, online courses don’t always have face-to-face interaction, so learners need to take extra steps to stay involved. This can include watching lectures attentively, completing assignments on time, and contributing to discussion boards or group projects. Staying engaged helps learners understand the material better, connect ideas, and build motivation to keep moving forward.

To stay engaged, it’s important to interact regularly with both the course content and the learning community. Asking questions, joining discussions, and seeking feedback from instructors or peers can make online learning feel more personal and supportive. Setting a schedule, taking notes, and using digital tools like calendars or reminders can also help learners stay on track. Engagement is not just about completing tasks—it’s about actively connecting with the material, people, and resources that make the online course meaningful.

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Time Management & Organization – Staying engaged requires planning study time, meeting deadlines, and balancing other responsibilities. Digital tools like calendars, task lists, and reminders are essential for success.

• Online Communication Skills – Engagement often happens through discussion boards, group chats, or video calls. Knowing how to write clearly, respond respectfully, and collaborate online strengthens the learning experience.

• Self-Regulated Learning – Being engaged means monitoring your own progress, setting goals, and adjusting study strategies when needed. These are critical skills that extend beyond online courses to everyday digital life.

Learn More

• eLearning Industry: 5 Ultimate Ways To Ensure Learner Engagement In Online Learning

• Faculty Focus: A Positive Environment of Engagement and Retention in the Online Learning Environment

• Inside Higher Ed: Academic Success Tip: Create Stronger Online Course Engagement

Quick Overview

Participation in online courses means being an active member of the learning community, not just a silent observer. In most online classes, participation goes beyond simply reading the material or watching lectures—it includes contributing to discussions, completing activities, and sometimes working with classmates on group projects. Instructors design these opportunities so learners can share perspectives, ask questions, and practice applying what they’ve learned. Participation helps build understanding and creates a sense of connection, which can reduce the isolation some students feel when learning online.

To participate effectively, learners should make a habit of checking discussion forums, responding thoughtfully to peers, and reaching out to instructors when something isn’t clear. Even small contributions—like asking a question, posting a comment, or sharing a resource—can deepen the learning experience for everyone. Participation also requires respect: listening to different viewpoints, communicating clearly, and following course guidelines. When learners take part actively, they not only strengthen their own skills but also help create a supportive and engaging online learning environment.

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Online Communication – Participation depends on clear and respectful interaction in discussion forums, emails, or video calls. Good communication skills make it easier to contribute meaningfully.

• Netiquette – Knowing the rules of online etiquette (tone, respect, avoiding ALL CAPS, etc.) ensures that participation is positive and helps build a welcoming learning community.

• Collaboration Tools – Many courses use shared documents, breakout rooms, or project platforms. Comfort with these tools helps learners participate effectively in group activities and projects.

Learn More

• University of Wisconsin-Madison (Center for Teaching, Learning & Mentoring (CTLM ): Communication and participation in online courses

• U.S. Department of Education: Factors that Influence Participation In Online Learning - ERIC

Quick Overview

Online learning strategies are methods that help learners succeed in digital courses and training programs. Unlike traditional classrooms, online learning often requires more independence and self-direction. Learners need to manage their own time, stay motivated, and use technology effectively to engage with course materials. Having strong strategies can make the difference between simply getting through a class and actually mastering new skills.

One important strategy is time management. Setting aside dedicated study hours, using digital calendars, and breaking assignments into smaller tasks can prevent procrastination and reduce stress. Many learners find it helpful to create a quiet study space, even at home, so they can focus without distractions. Consistency is key: checking into the course regularly and pacing work over time leads to better learning than cramming at the last minute.

Another useful strategy is active engagement. Instead of passively reading or watching, learners should take notes, ask questions, and participate in online discussions. Interaction with peers and instructors makes learning more meaningful and helps learners see different perspectives. Using tools like highlighting, summarizing, or creating digital flashcards can also strengthen memory and understanding.

Finally, learners should practice self-regulation and reflection. This means regularly checking in on progress, noticing what works or doesn’t, and adjusting strategies as needed. For example, if video lectures feel overwhelming, a learner might pause to take notes or replay difficult sections. Seeking feedback and asking for help are also signs of strong learners, not weaknesses. By combining planning, engagement, and reflection, anyone can build effective strategies for online learning and grow as a digital learner.

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Time Management & Organization – Online learning requires planning schedules, setting reminders, and using calendars or task apps to stay on track.

• Participation in Online Courses – Strategies like contributing to discussions, collaborating in groups, and asking questions strengthen both engagement and understanding.

• Self-Regulated Learning – Monitoring progress, reflecting on what’s working, and adjusting approaches connects directly to building independence as a learner.

• Online Communication Skills – Successful strategies include writing clear messages, engaging respectfully in forums, and practicing proper netiquette.

• Digital Tools for Learning – Using note-taking apps, cloud storage, flashcard tools, or screen recording software can support learning efficiency and memory.

Learn More

• University of South Florida: 10 Tips for Success in Online Classes

• Cornell University (The Learning Strategies Center (LSC)): Learning Online

• University of Pennsylvania (Weingarten Center): Strategies for Online Learning

Quick Overview

Setting online learning goals is a powerful way to stay focused and motivated in digital courses. Goals give learners a clear sense of direction and purpose, helping them know what they want to achieve and why it matters. Without goals, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed by assignments, videos, and readings. By identifying specific objectives, learners can break a course into manageable steps and track their progress over time.

A helpful approach is to create SMART goals—specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. For example, instead of saying “I want to get better at using spreadsheets,” a SMART goal would be “I will complete three spreadsheet tutorials and create my own budget spreadsheet by the end of the month.” This makes progress concrete and provides clear milestones to celebrate along the way. Writing goals down and reviewing them regularly also helps maintain accountability.

Finally, setting goals is not just about completing tasks—it’s about personal growth and skill development. Learners should reflect on their strengths, challenges, and interests to create goals that are meaningful and motivating. Adjusting goals when needed is normal; online learning is flexible, and learners can adapt their objectives as they gain new skills and confidence. With thoughtful goal-setting, novices can approach online courses with purpose, focus, and a sense of achievement.

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Time Management & Organization – Goals help learners prioritize tasks, schedule study sessions, and stay on track.

• Self-Regulated Learning – Setting goals encourages reflection, monitoring progress, and adjusting strategies to improve learning outcomes.

• Online Learning Strategies – Goals provide focus for selecting effective study techniques, practice routines, and engagement methods.

• Motivation & Persistence – Clear goals give learners a sense of purpose, helping them stay motivated and overcome challenges.

• Digital Tools for Learning – Apps like calendars, task managers, and habit trackers can support goal-setting and progress tracking.

Learn More

• University of Minnesota: 11 Academic Goals to Set for Success in an Online Class

• eLearning Industry: Major Goals And Expectations Of eLearning

• University of West Florida: How to Develop Student Learning Goals

Quick Overview

Mobile learning (often called m-learning) is the use of smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices to access educational content anytime and anywhere. Unlike traditional online courses that are mostly designed for desktop computers, mobile learning lets learners study on the go—whether during a commute, waiting in line, or taking a quick break at home. It provides flexibility and convenience, making it easier for learners to fit learning into busy schedules.

One of the main advantages of mobile learning is its accessibility. Learners can watch videos, read articles, take quizzes, or participate in discussion forums directly from their devices. Many educational apps and mobile-friendly websites are designed with intuitive interfaces, touch controls, and notifications to keep learners engaged. This instant access to learning resources allows learners to review material when needed, repeat difficult sections, and apply new skills in real-life situations.

However, mobile learning also requires self-discipline and planning. Small screens and distractions from apps or notifications can make it challenging to focus for long periods. Successful mobile learners often set aside dedicated time for study, use headphones to minimize distractions, and choose apps or platforms that support offline learning or progress tracking. By combining convenience with thoughtful strategies, mobile learning can be a powerful tool for building digital literacy and lifelong learning habits.

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Online Learning Strategies – Mobile learning reinforces strategies like time management, active engagement, and spaced practice on the go.

• Digital Tools for Learning – Smartphones and tablets are platforms for apps, note-taking, cloud storage, and educational resources.

• Self-Regulated Learning – Mobile learning encourages learners to monitor their own progress, reflect on understanding, and adjust study habits.

• Internet Savviness – Accessing learning content on mobile devices requires safe browsing, effective searching, and awareness of online security.

• Participation & Communication – Mobile devices enable learners to contribute to forums, messaging apps, and group projects from anywhere, supporting ongoing interaction.

Learn More

• eLearning Industry: Mobile Learning Benefits: The Advantages Of Learning On-The-Go

• Thinkific: 7 Types of Mobile Learning and How to Use Them

• Simplilearn: Understanding Mobile Learning: A Comprehensive Guide

Quick Overview

Online learning etiquette, often called netiquette, refers to the rules and behaviors that help learners communicate respectfully and effectively in virtual learning environments. Unlike traditional classrooms, online courses rely heavily on written communication, discussion boards, and video interactions. Being mindful of tone, clarity, and respect is essential for creating a positive learning experience for everyone.

A key aspect of online learning etiquette is communication clarity. Learners should write complete sentences, use proper punctuation, and avoid slang or overly casual language in forums, emails, and group chats. When participating in video calls, it’s important to mute microphones when not speaking, use appropriate backgrounds, and avoid multitasking, which shows respect for the instructor and fellow learners. Asking questions politely and responding thoughtfully to peers fosters constructive dialogue and understanding.

Another important element is respecting others and course policies. This includes avoiding offensive or inflammatory language, giving credit for ideas shared by classmates, and following instructor guidelines for assignments, discussions, and collaboration. Practicing good online etiquette helps reduce misunderstandings, build a supportive learning community, and model professional behavior that learners can carry into workplace and social digital environments.

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Online Communication Skills – Etiquette reinforces clear, respectful, and professional interactions in forums, emails, and video calls.

• Participation in Online Courses – Following netiquette encourages active and positive contributions to discussions and group projects.

• Digital Citizenship – Understanding etiquette supports responsible behavior, respect for intellectual property, and ethical use of technology.

• Collaboration Tools – Using shared documents, messaging apps, and video platforms effectively requires etiquette to prevent confusion and conflict.

• Self-Regulated Learning – Practicing netiquette helps learners monitor their behavior, reflect on interactions, and adjust communication strategies for better outcomes.

Learn More

• Macquarie University’s Learning and Teaching blog: Online learning etiquette

• University of the Potomac: Online Etiquette: 14 Netiquette Rules Online Students Should Know

• Colorado State University: Netiquette: Ground Rules for Online Discussions

Quick Overview

Collaborative online learning is when learners work together through digital platforms to achieve shared learning goals. Unlike independent online study, collaboration allows learners to exchange ideas, solve problems as a team, and learn from each other’s perspectives. It can happen through discussion forums, shared documents, video calls, or group projects, making the online learning experience more interactive and engaging.

Effective collaborative online learning relies on clear communication and active participation. Learners need to contribute ideas, ask questions, provide feedback, and listen respectfully to peers. Using collaboration tools like Google Docs, Microsoft Teams, or Zoom breakout rooms helps teams work together in real time or asynchronously. Setting expectations, dividing tasks, and keeping track of progress ensures that everyone contributes fairly and achieves the group’s goals.

Collaboration also helps learners develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. By discussing different approaches, analyzing information, and negotiating solutions, learners strengthen their understanding and apply knowledge in meaningful ways. Additionally, working in a team builds digital communication skills, professional etiquette, and the ability to manage shared responsibilities—skills that are valuable both in online learning and in the workplace.

Connecting Dots

Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:

• Online Communication Skills – Collaboration depends on clear, respectful, and timely communication in forums, chats, and video meetings.

• Online Learning Etiquette – Practicing netiquette ensures positive interactions, reduces misunderstandings, and builds trust within teams.

• Digital Tools for Learning – Shared documents, cloud storage, project platforms, and video conferencing are essential tools for collaboration.

• Participation in Online Courses – Active engagement in group activities strengthens understanding and contributes to the learning community.

• Self-Regulated Learning – Collaboration encourages learners to monitor their contributions, reflect on group dynamics, and adjust strategies to improve teamwork.

Learn More

• Columbia University's Center for Teaching & Learning: Collaborative Learning

• University of South Florida: 9 Strategies to Promote Collaborative Online Learning

• Cornell University's Center for Teaching Innovation: Collaborative Learning

Q1: What is online learning?
A: Online learning is education that happens over the internet. It can include live classes, recorded lessons, discussion forums, and digital assignments.

Q2: What technology do I need for online learning?
A: You typically need a computer, tablet, or smartphone with internet access, a web browser, and sometimes a microphone or webcam for live classes.

Q3: How is online learning different from in-person learning?
A: Online learning is more flexible — you can often access lessons anytime and work at your own pace — but it requires more self-discipline and time management.

Q4: What is a learning management system (LMS)?
A: An LMS is a platform like Canvas, Moodle, or Google Classroom that organizes course materials, assignments, grades, and communication in one place.

Q5: How do I stay motivated in online learning?
A: Set clear goals, create a study schedule, remove distractions, and participate actively in discussions or group activities.

Q6: What is online learning etiquette?
A: Online etiquette, or “netiquette,” means being respectful in discussion boards, muting your microphone when not speaking, and using clear communication.

Q7: Can I interact with my teacher and classmates online?
A: Yes! Many courses offer discussion forums, video calls, or chat tools where you can ask questions and collaborate.

Q8: How do I know if an online course is trustworthy?
A: Check the provider’s reputation, read reviews, look for clear learning outcomes, and make sure it uses secure payment options if it costs money.

Q9: How do I submit assignments online?
A: Most platforms have an upload or submit button. Always double-check that your file is uploaded correctly and on time.

Q10: What are the benefits of online learning?
A: Online learning gives flexibility, access to diverse courses, and the ability to learn from anywhere — perfect for busy schedules or remote learners.