The Foundations section covers the essential building blocks of digital literacy, helping beginners develop basic computer knowledge and confidence with technology. This includes understanding how devices work, navigating operating systems, managing files and folders, and using the internet effectively. By learning these core skills, users create a strong foundation that prepares them for more advanced topics like online learning, productivity tools, and digital safety. Foundations ensure learners feel comfortable with technology in both personal and professional settings.
Quick Overview
Computer hardware and software are the two main components that make up a computer system, and understanding the difference is an important first step in digital literacy. Let's define some terms. Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer that you can touch and see, such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and internal parts like the processor, memory, and hard drive. These components provide the power and structure for the computer to function, but on their own, hardware cannot do much without instructions.
Software, on the other hand, is the set of instructions and programs that tell the hardware what to do. Examples include operating systems like Windows or macOS, applications like Microsoft Word or web browsers, and mobile apps. Software cannot physically be touched, but it makes the hardware useful by allowing users to perform tasks - whether it's writing a document, or browsing the internet, or playing a game.
In short, hardware is the “body” of the computer, while software is the “mind” that brings it to life. (And we'll discuss what the "data" is later on!)
Connecting Dots
Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:
Operating Systems as the Bridge – The operating system (software) manages and communicates with the hardware, making it a perfect example of how the two work together. This connects naturally to topics like file management and system updates.
Input and Output Devices – Hardware such as keyboards, mice, printers, and speakers rely on software (drivers and applications) to function properly. This ties into broader topics like user interfaces and accessibility tools.
Security and Maintenance – Hardware requires protection (like physical care and updates to device drivers), while software needs regular security patches and antivirus support. This creates a connection to computer security, backups, and safe computing habits.
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Quick Overview
A computer operating system (OS) is the main software that manages all the hardware and other software on a computer. It acts as a bridge between you, the user, and the physical parts of the computer, such as the processor, memory, and storage. Without an operating system, your computer’s hardware would not know how to work together or how to carry out the tasks you want to perform. Popular examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Apple’s macOS, and Linux for desktops and laptops, as well as Android and iOS for mobile devices.
The operating system is responsible for many everyday functions that users often take for granted. It manages files and folders, controls connected devices like printers or USB drives, and allows multiple programs to run at the same time. It also provides the graphical interface—the windows, icons, and menus—that makes it easier for people to interact with the computer. In short, the operating system is what makes a computer user-friendly and functional, turning complex hardware operations into simple actions you can perform with a few clicks or taps.
Connecting Dots
Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:
User Interfaces – Operating systems provide the menus, icons, and navigation tools that allow people to interact with their computers, which connects to topics like accessibility, customization, and learning how to navigate digital environments.
Software Compatibility – Different operating systems support different types of applications. For example, some software may only run on Windows or macOS. This links to topics such as productivity tools, app installation, and cross-platform use.
System Updates and Security – Operating systems regularly release updates to improve performance and protect against security threats. This ties directly to topics like cybersecurity, safe computing practices, and maintaining digital devices.
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Quick Overview
Input and output devices are the tools that allow people to interact with computers. Input devices are the hardware we use to send information into a computer—common examples include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, and microphones. These devices translate our actions, like typing or speaking, into signals the computer can process. Without input devices, it would be nearly impossible to give the computer instructions or create content.
Output devices, on the other hand, let the computer share information back to us. Monitors, speakers, printers, and headphones are all examples. They take the digital signals inside the computer and present them in a form we can understand—such as text on a screen, sound through speakers, or a printed page. Together, input and output devices create a cycle of communication: we give instructions to the computer, and the computer responds in ways we can see, hear, or use. This makes them essential to everyday digital activities like browsing the internet, video conferencing, or playing games.
Connecting Dots
Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:
Accessibility Tools – Many input and output devices are designed to support users with different needs, such as speech-to-text software (input) or screen readers (output). This connects to topics like inclusive technology and digital accessibility.
Hardware vs. Software Interaction – Input and output devices depend on drivers and applications (software) to function correctly, linking directly to the relationship between computer hardware and software.
Multimedia and Communication – Devices like webcams, microphones, and speakers are central to online communication, tying into topics such as video conferencing, online collaboration, and social media use.
Resources
Quick Overview
File management is the way we organize and keep track of the digital information we create, use, and store on a computer or mobile device. Just like physical documents are kept in folders in a filing cabinet, digital files—such as documents, photos, videos, and music—are stored in electronic folders. Good file management means naming files clearly, placing them in logical folders, and understanding where they are saved (such as on the computer’s hard drive, an external drive, or cloud storage). This helps prevent frustration when trying to locate important information later.
Beyond simple organization, file management also includes practices like backing up files, deleting items no longer needed, and keeping track of different versions of a document. Effective file management saves time, reduces clutter, and ensures that important information is protected and easy to access when needed. For beginners, learning the basics of creating folders, moving files, and understanding storage locations is an essential step toward building digital confidence.
Connecting Dots
Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:
Cloud Storage and Sharing – File management connects directly to understanding cloud tools like Google Drive, Dropbox, or OneDrive, which expand storage options and make sharing files easier.
Data Security and Backups – Organizing files also ties to protecting them, linking file management to topics like cybersecurity, password protection, and creating backup copies.
Productivity Tools – Many software programs (like word processors or spreadsheets) create digital files that need organizing. This links file management to using productivity tools effectively in school, work, or daily life.
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Quick Overview
Cloud storage vs. local storage refers to two different ways of saving and accessing digital files. Local storage means saving files directly on a device, like a computer’s hard drive, an external hard drive, or a USB flash drive. With local storage, your files are physically with you, and you can access them even without an internet connection. However, local storage can be limited in space and is more vulnerable to hardware failure, like a damaged hard drive.
Cloud storage, on the other hand, saves your files on remote servers that you access over the internet. Services like Google Drive, Dropbox, and OneDrive allow you to store, share, and access your files from almost any device. Cloud storage offers flexibility, easy collaboration, and automatic backups, but it does require a reliable internet connection and raises considerations around privacy and data security. Understanding the differences between cloud and local storage helps beginners choose the right method for their needs and maintain safe, organized digital files.
Connecting Dots
Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:
File Management – Understanding where and how files are stored helps beginners organize, rename, and locate files efficiently, whether on a local drive or in the cloud.
Data Security and Privacy – Choosing between cloud and local storage involves thinking about protecting sensitive information, linking this topic to cybersecurity, encryption, and safe computing practices.
Collaboration and Productivity Tools – Cloud storage makes it easy to share files and work with others in real time, connecting this topic to online collaboration platforms, productivity apps, and remote learning or work environments.
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Google Cloud: What is cloud storage?
Quick Overview
Computer troubleshooting basics is the process of identifying and fixing common problems that prevent a computer from working properly. For beginners, troubleshooting often starts with simple checks, such as making sure the device is turned on, cables are connected, and software is updated. Other basic steps include restarting the computer, closing unresponsive programs, and checking for error messages. By approaching problems methodically, even novice users can often resolve many issues without outside help.
Troubleshooting also involves understanding the difference between hardware and software problems. Hardware issues might include a broken keyboard, a failing hard drive, or loose connections, while software problems could involve crashed programs, corrupted files, or malware infections. Learning basic troubleshooting not only helps users solve immediate problems but also builds confidence in navigating technology, encourages safe computing practices, and reduces frustration when working with digital devices.
Connecting Dots
Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:
Hardware vs. Software – Troubleshooting often requires understanding whether a problem originates from the physical components of a computer or the software, linking directly to foundational computer knowledge.
File Management and Data Backup – Effective troubleshooting may involve recovering lost files or restoring data, connecting it to good file organization and regular backups.
Cybersecurity and Safe Computing – Some computer issues are caused by viruses, malware, or unsafe downloads, tying troubleshooting to basic cybersecurity practices and safe internet habits.
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Quick Overview
Computer password basics are essential for keeping your digital accounts and personal information secure. A password is a secret combination of letters, numbers, and symbols that lets you access an account or device while keeping others out. For beginners, it’s important to use strong passwords that are long, unique, and hard for others to guess. Avoid using obvious information like birthdays, names, or simple sequences like “123456.” Strong passwords help protect your email, social media, online banking, and other accounts from unauthorized access.
In addition to creating strong passwords, it’s important to manage them safely. Never share your passwords with others, and consider using a password manager to store them securely. Changing passwords regularly, enabling two-factor authentication when available, and avoiding the reuse of the same password across multiple accounts are all key practices. By learning these basics, beginners can take control of their digital security, reduce the risk of hacking, and build confidence in using technology safely.
Connecting Dots
Here are some connection points linking this topic to other digital literacy topics in the website:
Cybersecurity and Safe Computing – Strong passwords are a fundamental part of protecting devices and online accounts from viruses, malware, and unauthorized access.
Two-Factor Authentication and Account Security – Passwords work best when combined with additional security measures, connecting this topic to multi-step verification methods and secure logins.
Digital Identity Management – Understanding passwords ties into managing your online presence, such as controlling access to social media accounts, email, and cloud storage.
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CISA: Use strong passwords
Q1: What is an operating system?
A: An operating system (OS) is the main software on a computer or device that manages everything — from files and programs to hardware like your keyboard and screen. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Q2: What’s the difference between hardware and software?
A: Hardware is the physical equipment you can touch, like your computer, mouse, or smartphone. Software is the set of programs and apps that tell the hardware what to do.
Q3: What is a file and a folder?
A: A file is a single piece of digital information, like a document, photo, or video. A folder is like a digital container you use to group and organize related files.
Q4: What does “saving” a file mean?
A: Saving means storing a file so it won’t be lost when you turn off your computer. Files can be saved on your device, an external drive, or online (in the cloud).
Q5: What is the difference between the internet and the web?
A: The internet is the global network of computers that are connected together. The web (World Wide Web) is just one part of the internet — it’s the system of websites and pages we access with browsers like Chrome or Firefox.
Q6: What does “cloud storage” mean?
A: Cloud storage means saving files on the internet instead of just your device. This lets you access your files from any computer or phone connected to the internet.
Q7: What is a browser?
A: A browser is a program used to explore the web. Popular browsers include Google Chrome, Safari, Firefox, and Microsoft Edge.
Q8: Why are updates important?
A: Updates improve software by fixing problems, adding features, and patching security issues. Keeping your devices updated helps them run smoothly and stay safe.
Q9: What does “downloading” mean?
A: Downloading is the process of copying data from the internet to your computer or device — like saving a PDF, picture, or app to use later.
Q10: What are peripherals?
A: Peripherals are devices that connect to your computer to expand what it can do, like printers, headphones, webcams, or external drives.