Bibliography

Altman, R., Bosch, B., Brune, K., Patrignani P & Young C. Advances in NSAID Development: Evolution of Diclofenac Products Using Pharmaceutical Technology. Drugs. 2015;859–877. [Accessed 28th Oct 2020] Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-015-0392-z

Gan TJ. Diclofenac: an update on its mechanism of action and safety profile. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010; 26(7):1715-31. doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.486301.

National Institute for Health and Care excellence (NICE). Diclofenac Sodium [Online]. Available at: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/diclofenac-sodium.html[Accessed 29th Oct 2020].

Diclofenac NHS [Online]. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/diclofenac/#:~:text=Swallow%20the%20diclofenac%20tablets%20or,upset%20or%20irritate%20your%20stomach. [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Grosser T, Smyth E, Fitzgerald G (2018) Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation, Fever, Pain, and Gout. In Hilal-Dandan R and Knollmann B (eds). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp 697

McGettigan P, Henry D (2013) Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that elevate cardiovascular risk: an examination of sales and essential medicines lists in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. PLoS Med, 10:e1001388, Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570554/ [Accessed 16/11/2020]

NICE BNF [Online] Available from: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/medicinal-forms/diclofenac-sodium.html [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Schmidt M, Sørensen H, Pedersen L Diclofenac use and cardiovascular risks: series nationwide cohort studies. BMJ, (2018) 362:k3426; doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3426 [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Grosser T, Fries S, FitzGerald A Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J Clin Invest (2006) 116:4-15. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16395396/ [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Aw J, Haas J, Liew D, Krum H Meta-analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and their effects on blood pressure. Arch Intern Med (2005), 165(5) , Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15710786/ [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Miyazaki T, Pride P, Zipes P. Prostaglandins in the pericardial fluid modulate neural regulation of cardiac electrophysiological properties. Circulation Research (1990), 66(1), Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/01.res.66.1.163 [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Egan M, Lawson A, Fries S, Koller B, Rader D, Smyth E, Fitzgerald G (2004) COX-2-derived prostacyclin confers atheroprotection on female mice. Science (2004), 306(5703), Available from: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/306/5703/1954.abstract? casa_token=Ppf647qLar4AAAAA:SCl3ej8v51H30EI3CCP_Mq0QLSFBRAZ_Ayy8gkbJgbNKz2ierVqons9QiKLJnew7yjx30TDqXh-8DBQ [Accessed 16/11/2020]

NICE BNF [Online] Available from: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/diclofenac-sodium.html#pregnancy [Accessed 16/11/2020]

WHO. Definitions [Online] Available from: https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/trainingcourses/definitions.pdf [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Huff T, Chaudhry R, Arora Y, Mahajan K. Anatomy, Thorax, Heart Ductus Arteriosus. [Updated 2020 Apr 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470160/ [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Boger E, Jones A (2005) Paracetamol use in musculoskeletal pain: an audit of use and patient perceptions of paracetamol as an effective analgesic. Musculoskeletal Care; 3(4). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17042010/ [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Kumar P, Clark M (eds) (2017) Clinical Medicine. London: Elsevier Health Sciences. P.g. 830-1006

"Know the Sudden Signs of Stroke" by National Institutes of Health (NIH) is marked under CC PDM 1.0. To view the terms, visit https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/

Sostres C, Gargallo C.J, Lanas A (2013) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage. Arthritis research & therapy 15(3) Doi: 10.1186/ar4175

Gargallo C.J, Lanas A (2012) Is NSAIDs‐related gastrointestinal damage preventable? Journal of Digestive Diseases doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12019

Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok E.P, Vale J.A(2005) Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clinical toxicology (phiadelphia) 43(2) doi 10.1081/clt-200051867.

Desai SJ, Prickril B, Rasooly A (2018) Mechanisms of Phytonutrient Modulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Inflammation Related to Cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 70(3) doi: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1446091

Hawkey C.J, Karrasch J.A, Szczepañski L, Walker D.G, Barkun A, Swannell A.J, Yeomans N.D, (1998) Omeprazole Compared with Misoprostol for Ulcers Associated with Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs. New England journal of medicine 338 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199803123381105

InformedHealth.org (2018) Gastritis: How can you prevent painkiller-related peptic ulcers? [online] Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) avaliable at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK310269/

Aycan I O, Elpek O, Akkaya B, Kirac E, Tuzcu H, Kaya S, Coskunfirat N, Aslan M (2018) Diclofenac induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity is alleviated by thymoquinone treatment. Food and chemical toxicology 118 doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.038.

Dhanvijay P, Misra A K and Varma S K, 2013. Diclofenac induced acute renal failure in a decompensated elderly patient. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 4(2): 155-157. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0976-500X.110916 [Accessed on 27/10/20].

Leowattana W, 2018. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Journal of Nephrology Forecast 1(1): 1-5. DOI: https://scienceforecastoa.com/Articles/JN-V1-E1-1003.pdf [Accessed on 04/11/20].

Alfaro R A and Davis D D, 2020. Diclofenac. StatPearls. Treasure Island, StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557879/#article-40763.s6 [Accessed on 30/10/20].

Fattori V, Borghi S M, Guazelli C F S, Giroldo A C, Crespigio J, Bussman A J C, Coelho-Silva L, Ludwig N G, Mazzuco T L, Casagrande R and Verri W A, 2017. Vinpocetine reduces diclofenac-induced acute kidney injury through inhibition of oxidative stress, apoptosis, cytokine production, and NF-κB activation in mice. Pharmacological Research, 120: 10-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.039 [Accessed on 27/10/20].

Jha A A, Bohra M V and Behera V, 2015. Severe anaphylactic reaction to diclofenac. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 71(1): 279-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.08.015 [Accessed on 17/11/20].

Kim S Y and Moon A, 2012. Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Its Biomarkers. Biomolecules and Therapeutics, 20(3): 268-272. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4062%2Fbiomolther.2012.20.3.268 [Accessed on 17/11/20].

BNF, 2020. Diclofenac potassium, NICE. Available from: https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drug/diclofenac-potassium.html [Accessed on 27/10/20].

El-Megharbel S M, Hamza R Z and Refat M S, 2015. Synthesis, spectroscopic and thermal studies of Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II) and Ba(II) diclofenac sodium complexes as anti-inflammatory drug and their protective effects on renal functions impairment and oxidative stress. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 135 pp.915-928. DOI: https://doi-org.ezproxy.nottingham.ac.uk/10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.101 [Accessed on 27/10/20].

Gonzalez E, Gutierrez E, Galeano C, Chevia C, Sequera P, Bernis C, Parra E G, Delgado R, Sanz M, Ortiz M, Goicoechea M, Quereda C, Olea T, Bouarich H, Hernandez Y, Segovia B and Praga M, 2008. Early steroid treatment improves the recovery of renal function in patients with drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis. Kidney International, 73(8): 940-946. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253815531050 [Accessed on 17/11/20].

Larzarska K, Dekker S, Vermeulen N, Commandeur J (2018) Effect of UGT2B7*2 and CYP2C8*4 polymorphisms on diclofenac metabolism. Toxicology Letters,243, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.038 [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Braver M, Sewradji-Braver S, Vermeulen N, Commandeur J ,(2018), Characterization of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in sequential two-step bioactivation of diclofenac to reactive p-benzoquinone imines. Toxicology Letters, 253, Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378427416300807?casa_token=hgcDA8kMNA8AAAAA:66fI6S8-nYbpsXdWE528-S-QfXwBSuvG60KNZmIWzs6Unv1rXna8uXQF6ixVXqEi_AcNZwxt1w [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Daly A, Aithal G, Leathart J, Swainsbury R, Dang T, Day C (2007) Genetic Susceptibility to Diclofenac-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Contribution of UGT2B7, CYP2C8, and ABCC2 Genotypes. Gastroenterology, 132(1), Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.11.023 [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Braver M, Zhang Y, Venkataraman H, Vermeulen N (2016) Simulation of interindividual differences in inactivation of reactive para-benzoquinone imine metabolites of diclofenac by glutathione S-transferases in human liver cytosol. Toxicology Letters, 25(255), Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27183920/ [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Aithal G (2004) Diclofenac-induced liver injury: a paradigm of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 3:6, Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1517/14740338.3.6.519 [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Goda K, Takahashi T, Kobayashi A, Shoda T, Kuno H, Sugai S (2016) Usefulness of in vitro combination assays of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis for the estimation of potential risk of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury. J Toxicol Sci, 41(5), Available from: https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.41.605 [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Kang S, Haydar G, Taniane C, Farrell G, Arias M, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Fu D (2016) AMPK Activation Prevents and Reverses Drug-Induced Mitochondrial and Hepatocyte Injury by Promoting Mitochondrial Fusion and Function. PLoS One 1(10):e0165638. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165638 [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Ramachandran A, Visschers R, Duan L, Akakpo J, Jaeschke (2018) Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: current understanding and future perspectives. Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, 4(1), Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6261533/#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20diclofenac%20and%20its,changes%20in%20cytosolic%20calcium%2C%20which%2C [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Autoimmune Hepatitis. [Updated 2019 May 4]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548188/ [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Diclofenac. [Updated 2017 Dec 13]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547953/ [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Aithal G, Watkins P, Andrade R, Larrey D, Molokhia M, Takikawa H, Hunt C, Wilke R, Avigan M, Kaplowitz N, Bjornsonn E, Daly A (2011) Case definition and phenotype standardization in drug-induced liver injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 89(6), Available from: https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1038/clpt.2011.58?saml_referrer [Accessed 16/11/2020]

Siva T, Sivakumar G, P Sankaran, Francis Y (2019) Antioxidant effects of vitamin E on diclofenac induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(3), Available from: https://pharmascope.org/ijrps/article/view/1337/1320 [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Whitsett M, Chang S (undated) R Factor for Liver Injury. [Online] Available from: ttps://www.mdcalc.com/guidelines/acg/diagnosis-management-idiosyncratic-drug-induced-liver-injury [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

NICE. BNFc Dicolfenac Sodium [Online] Available from: https://bnfc.nice.org.uk/drug/diclofenac-sodium.html [Accessed: 6/11/2020]

NICE. BNFc Dicolfenac Potassium [Online] Available from: https://bnfc.nice.org.uk/drug/diclofenac-potassium.html [Accessed: 16/11/2020]

Harrington L, Lucas R, McMaster S, Moreno L, Scadding G, Warner T et al. COX‐1, and not COX‐2 activity, regulates airway function: relevance to aspirin‐sensitive asthma. The FASEB Journal. 2008; 22(11):4005-4010.

Lo P, Tsai Y, Lin S, Lai J. Risk of asthma exacerbation associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in childhood asthma. Medicine. 2016; 95(41):5109.

Pise, H. N., and S. L. Padwal. “DICLOFENAC INDUCED ANGIOEDEMA: A CASE REPORT”. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Vol. 8, no. 2, Mar. 2015, pp. 4-5.

Doña I, Pérez‐Sánchez N, Eguiluz‐Gracia I, Muñoz-Cano R, Bartra J, Torres M et al. Progress in understanding hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Allergy. 2019;75(3):561-575.​

Sánchez-Borges M, Caballero-Fonseca F, Capriles-Hulett A, González-Aveledo L. Hypersensitivity Reactions to Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: An Update. Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3(1):10-18.

Gulin S and Chiriac A. Diclofenac-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis: A Series of Four Patients. Drug Safety - Case Reports. (2016); 3(15). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5120621/ [Accessed: 18/11/2020]