APPLIED STATISTICS

CONCEPTS FOR COUNSELORS

Second Edition

Table of Contents (Page Numbers for the Paperback Edition)

Introduction 7

Unit 1: Overview: Statistics in Perspective

1. Counselors and Science: How do scientists study counseling? 15

2. Counseling Research: What do counselors study? 21

3. Variables: How are people alike or different? 25

4. Forming Groups: What is sampling? 31

5. Measurement: What kind of number is that? 37

Unit 2: Describing Groups of Clients and Participants

6. Frequencies and Percentages: How often? What percentage? 43

7. Distributions of Data: How can we visualize data? 47

8. On Average: What is an average? 51

9. Ranges: So where are the scores? 55

10. Distributions Part 1: What is normal? 61

11. Distributions Part 2: What is NOT normal? 67

Unit 3: Describing Relationships

12. Hypothesis Testing: How do we use statistics to draw conclusions? 73

13. Correlation: What is the relationship? 79

14. Charts: How can we picture relationships? 87

15. Predictions: How can we make predictions? 91

Unit 4: Discovering Group Differences

16 t Tests: How can we analyze differences between two groups? 95

17. Analysis of Variance: How can we analyze differences among multiple groups? 103

18. Chi-square: How can we analyze frequency data? 113

Unit 5: Understanding Test Scores

19. Test Scores: What are common test scores? 117

20. Test Score Reliability: Can you trust the scores? 125

21. Test Score Validity: What’s the purpose of the test? 131

Unit 6: Additional Statistics

22. Statistics for Ordinal Data 139

23. Reading Complex Statistics 143

References 154

Appendix A: Normal Curve 158

Appendix B: Test Scores 159

Appendix C: Practice Test 161

Appendix D: Answers to Practice Test 174

Appendix E: Symbols and Abbreviations 177

Appendix F: Glossary 180

Appendix G: Online Resources 190

Table of Contents Detailed View 194

Acknowledgements 200

About the Author 201