"All these fifty years of conscious brooding have brought me no nearer to the answer to the question, 'What are light quanta?'
Nowadays every Tom, Dick and Harry thinks he knows it, but he is mistaken. …"
"A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light,
but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it."
Difficulties in classical theory of electromagnetism.
Continuous and line spectra. Gas discharges. Balmer, Lyman and Paschen series.
Action-reaction in electromagnetism. Stability of atoms.
Electrodynamics of moving bodies. Coherence in double-slit experiment.
Blackbody radiation and Planck's formula.
Photoelectric effect. Difficulties to explain photoelectric effect using the wave theory.
Einstein's theory of photoelectric effect. Photon. Energy of the photon. Work function.