Preface .......................................................................... 9

Representations....................................................................13

Work the Network: Associative Networks.............................................14

Covering the Spread: Spreading Activation .........................................18

Rework the Network: Semantic Networks..............................................21

Have You Gone Mental?: Mental Models ..............................................23

The Mental Tool Rack: Scripts and Schemas..........................................26

Getting Out of Your Head: External Cognition.......................................30

Rolling in the Deep: Explanatory Depth ............................................35

Attention and Perception .............................................................................39

Upside-down Cake: Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processing .................40

Priming the Pump: Semantic & Perceptual Priming ...........................45

The Myth of Multitasking: Serial Attention...........................................49

Automatic Systematic Habit: Automaticity ...........................................52

Types of Memories .........................................................................................57

Midnight in the Garden of Encoding and Retrieval: Memory Models........................................................................................58

Rack ‘Em and Crack ‘Em: Free vs. Cued Recall ...................................62

The Memory Half-Pipe: Primacy and Recency Effects .......................66

A Distinction with a Difference: Declarative and Procedural Knowledge..................69

Hiking Through Hell Valley: Episodic vs. Semantic Memories ........73

Models of Memories ................................................77

Better Call Saul!: Memory Scanning ................................78

Memory Hacks: The Memory Palace ...................................82

Crunched for Space: Working Memory Capacity & Chunking ............85

They Call Me the Working Man: Working Memory (Part 1) .............88

They Call Me the Working Man: Working Memory (Part 2) .............92

Smile for the Camera!: Flashbulb Memories .........................95

Put It in the Vault: Permastore ...................................99

Crash into Me(mory): Memory Is an Active, Reconstructive Process ..103

Mirror, Mirror: Memory as a Reflection of the Environment .........107

Problem Solving ...........................................................................................113

What’s Your Problem?: Routine vs. Insight Problem Solving ..........114

This is This and That is That: Isomorphic Representations ..............118

To the Ends of the Hills: Problem-solving Heuristics .......................123

Stuck in a Rut: Einstellung and Mental Set .........................................127

Learning .........................................................................................................131

The Double Wide: Dual-Coding Theory ............................................132

There and Back Again: Near and Far Transfer ...................................136

The Thin Red Line: Precise Elaboration ..............................................140

Like Livers and Lizards: The Generation Effect .................................144

Target Acquired!: Cognitive Skill Acquisition ...................................147

You Got Some Explaining To Do!: Self-Explaining ...........................152

The Pain Teaches Me: Desirable Difficulties .......................................157

If the Shoe Fits: The Instructional Fit Hypothesis .............................161

Non-Cognitive Factors ...............................................................................165

What Was I Thinking!: Metacognition ................................................166

The Shape of an “L”: Mindset ................................................................169

The Sandpaper Theory of Success: Grit ...............................................172

Doin’ the Bull Dance. Feelin’ the Flow: Flow .....................................175

Getting Off the Couch: Motivation .....................................................179

Achievement Unlocked!: Intrinsic Motivation ..................................183

Your Place or Mine?: Transactive Memory .........................................186

Ooops!: The Fundamental Attribution Error .....................................189

Expertise ........................................................................................................193

You Don’t Know Jack: Expertise ..........................................................194

Getting to Carnegie Hall: Deliberate Practice.....................................198

Batter Up!: The Downside of Expertise: Part 1 ..................................202

Check and Mate!: The Downside of Expertise: Part 2 .......................206

Through the Rearview Mirror: In Conclusion.......................................211

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................213

About the Author..........................................................................................215

Glossary ..........................................................................................................217

Index ................................................................................................................229