Class 8 Science Chapter 16 Pdf Download 'LINK'

Good fiction with STEM topics can do more than provide information about the world of science and technology. They can get kids excited about the fun of science and engineering as they learn about the struggles and triumphs of fascinating characters in amazing situations. Sharing a few chapter book gems with parents and caregivers can be a brief but highly productive part of a family night at a school, or open house at a library.

Chapter 1 of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science mainly deals with writing chemical equations and writing and balancing chemical equations. Also, in this chapter, students learn the basics of chemical reactions, their types and the effects of a chemical oxidation reaction in our daily lives. The NCERT Solutions Class 10 Science Chapter 1 provides an overview of the main concepts in the chapter and help them to get well-versed in important topics such as writing chemical equations and balancing them.

Class 8 Science Chapter 16 Pdf Download

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The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1 have good weightage, and there will be around 4 questions asked from this chapter every year. The types of questions that appear in this chapter are mostly practice-based questions. Thorough knowledge and good practice will help learners score full marks on the questions asked in this chapter.

Chemical Reactions and equations is a very fundamental chapter that deals with basic knowledge of chemical reactions and equations. Students are advised to get tuned in with this chapter to avoid any sort of difficulty in understanding advanced topics of chemistry. If you are planning to take science in your higher secondary school, this is one of the important chapters you have to memorise for a very long period of time.

The first chapter of Class 10 NCERT Science will teach the students about chemical reactions and how to write equations, how to conduct combination and decomposition reactions and more. In the previous classes, we have learned about physical and chemical changes in matter. Whenever a chemical change occurs, we can say that a chemical reaction has taken place. A complete chemical reaction represents the reactants, products and their physical states symbolically. Students will also study how to write a chemical reaction, which is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. The chapter also explains how various chemical equations can be balanced in different states.

The next subtopic teaches various chemical reactions such as Combination Reaction, Decomposition reaction, Displacement Reaction, and Double Displacement Reaction along with various examples and chemical reactions. On the basis of energy, exothermic and endothermic reactions are explained. Exothermic reactions are those reactions in which heat is given out along with the products, and endothermic reactions are those reactions in which energy is absorbed. Then redox reaction is explained, which is a combination of reduction reaction and oxidation reaction. The chapter explains all types of reactions with suitable examples with their respective chemical equations.

The chapter then explains what all acids and bases have in common with a suitable example which gives the conclusion that acid solution in water conducts electricity. Students get to learn various experiments on what happens to acid or a base in a water solution and how strong are acid or base solutions by making use of universal indication. Along with it, students will get to learn about the importance of pH in everyday life. The chapter ends with a detailed explanation of salt preparation, properties and its uses.

In previous classes, students must have learned about various elements that can be classified as metals or non-metals on the basis of their properties. Here in Chapter 3 of Class 10 Science, students will learn about the physical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity. They are solid at room temperature, except mercury which is a liquid. The physical properties of metals are explained on various parameters such as ductility, malleability, tensile nature, strength, etc. On the basis of physical properties, metals and non-metals are differentiated. Some of the examples of non-metals are carbon, sulphur, iodine, oxygen, hydrogen, etc. The non-metals are either solids or gases except bromine which is a liquid. Under the subtopic chemical properties of metals, chemical reactions are discussed with oxygen gas, water, acids and other metal salts. The reactions and conditions depend on the reactivity series. The reactivity series tops potassium as the most reactive and gold as the least reactive.

In the previous chapter, we discussed compounds of importance to us. In this chapter, we will study some more interesting compounds and their properties. Also, we shall be learning about carbon, an element which is of immense significance to us in both its elemental form and in the combined form. Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis for all living organisms and many of the things we use. Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms so that both can achieve a completely filled outermost shell. Carbon forms covalent bonds with itself and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine. Organic compounds are categorized into saturated and unsaturated carbon compounds. Saturated compounds are compounds with only a single bond. Unsaturated carbon compounds are compounds with a double or triple bond. The saturated compounds of carbon and hydrogen are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane and hexane.

The chapter also explains some of the chemical properties of carbon and its compounds such as combustion, oxidation, addition reaction, substitution reaction. Ethanol and ethanoic acid are carbon compounds of importance in our daily lives. Soap and detergents are studied with their chemical structures and properties and their difference is also discussed. Detergents are usually used to make shampoos and products for cleaning clothes.

In this chapter, Periodic Classification of Elements, elements in the Modern Periodic Table are arranged in 18 vertical columns called groups and 7 horizontal rows called periods. Elements thus arranged show periodicity of properties including atomic size, valency or combining capacity and metallic and non-metallic character. The valency of an element is determined by the number of valence electrons present in the outermost shell of its atom. The term atomic size refers to the radius of an atom.

NCERT Class 10 Science Chapter 6 explains Life Processes. There are six life processes that all living organisms perform. They are movement, respiration, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition. The chapter also teaches about nutrition which means the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism and repair. Nutritional stages are ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation, and excretion. Nutrition is further divided into Autotrophic Nutrition and Heterotrophic Nutrition. Autotrophic nutrition involves the intake of simple inorganic materials from the environment and using an external energy source like the Sun to synthesize complex high-energy organic material. Heterotrophic nutrition involves the intake of complex material prepared by other organisms. Different types of heterotrophic nutrition are parasitic nutrition, saprophytic nutrition and holozoic nutrition. The next topic is nutrition in human beings. The various steps of nutrition are ingestion, digestion, Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, bile, absorption, assimilation and egestion. The next subtopic is respiration in which the human respiratory system is explained beautifully. The different elements of the human respiratory system are lungs, bronchi, larynx, pharynx, etc. During the process of respiration, organic compounds such as glucose are broken down to provide energy in the form of ATP. ATP is used to provide energy for other reactions in the cell.

Chapter 7 of Class 10 teaches about control and coordination, which are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our bodies. The responses of the nervous system can be classified as a reflex action, voluntary action or involuntary action. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to transmit messages. It gets information from our sense organs and acts through our muscles. Chemical coordination is seen in both plants and animals. Hormones produced in one part of an organism move to another part to achieve the desired effect. A feedback mechanism regulates the action of the hormones.

Unlike other life processes, reproduction is not essential to maintain the life of an individual organism. How do Organisms Reproduce chapter involves the creation of a DNA copy and additional cellular apparatus by the cell involved in the process. Depending on their body design, various organisms use different modes of reproduction. In fission, many bacteria and protozoa simply divide into two or more daughter cells. Organisms such as hydra can regenerate if they are broken into pieces. They can also give out buds which mature into new individuals. Roots, stems and leaves of some plants develop into new plants through vegetative propagation. These are examples of asexual reproduction where new generations are created from a single individual. Sexual reproduction involves two individuals for the creation of a new individual. DNA copying mechanisms create variations which are useful for ensuring the survival of the species. Modes of sexual reproduction allow for greater variation to be generated.

In this chapter, we will learn about Heredity and Evolution. We have seen that reproductive processes give rise to new individuals that are similar, but subtly different. We have discussed how some amount of variation is produced even during asexual reproduction. The Rules for the Inheritance of Traits in human beings relate to the fact that both the father and the mother contribute practically equal amounts of genetic material to the child. This means that each trait can be influenced by both paternal and maternal DNA. Sex can be determined by different factors in various species. Changes in the non-reproductive tissues caused by environmental factors are not inheritable. Speciation may take place when the variation is combined with geographical isolation. Evolutionary relationships are traced in the classification of organisms. Tracing common ancestors back in time leads us to the idea that at some point in time, non-living material must have given rise to life. 006ab0faaa