AnalogIn: Analog signals are variable and they have multiple states. Analog input signals could represent such items that have a range, such as temperature. AnalogIn creates an object and connects the object to the chosen analog pin as an analog input.

lightLevel.value: Read the value on the analog pin and return it. The returned value will be between 0 and 65535 inclusive (16-bit). Even if the underlying analog to digital converter (ADC) is lower resolution, the result will be scaled to be 16-bit.

https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/shared-bindings/analogio/index.html

Container for pin names associated with particular board.

https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/shared-bindings/board/index.html

DigitalInOut: Creates new DigitalInOut object associated with pin (set pin to digital input/output).

Direction: Defines direction of a digital pin.

• INPUT: Read digital data in.

• OUTPUT: Write digital data out.

A DigitalInOut is used to digitally control I/O pins. Use Direction.OUTPUT to configure a pin for output.

Pull: Defines the pull of a digital input pin.

• UP: When the input line isn’t being driven the pull up can pull the state of the line high so it reads as true.

• DOWN: When the input line isn’t being driven the pull down can pull the state of the line low so it reads as false.

https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/shared-bindings/digitalio/index.html

PWM: Pulse Width Modulation.

pulseio: Your board has pulseio support, which means you can PWM LEDs, control servos, beep piezos, and manage "pulse train" type devices like DHT22 and Infrared.

• pulseio.PWMOut: Create a PWM object associated with the given pin. This allows you to write PWM signals out on the given pin .

• duty_cycle: A 16 bit value that dictates how much of one cycle is high (1) versus low (0). 0xffff will always be high, 0 will always be low and 0x7fff will be half high and then half low.

https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/shared-bindings/pulseio/index.html

random.randint(min, max): Return an integer number between min and max.

Example: Specifically, in Electronic Die, we define six LED objects corresponding to six digital pins on the board. We create an LED array, and to randomly turn ON/OFF an LED, we use random.randint(0,5). 0 corresponds to the index of the first element/object in the array, and 5 corresponds to the last element in the array. The random integer chosen between 0-5 will be used as x in leds[x].value = True to turn the randomly chosen LED ON.

https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/shared-bindings/random/index.html

simpleio.map_range(x, in_min, in_max, out_min, out_max): Maps a number from one range to another.

https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/projects/simpleio/en/latest/api.html

time.sleep(seconds): Sleep for a given number of seconds.

time.monotonic(): To get the time since a board has been on in CircuitPython, the common function is time.monotonic(). It has no arguments and returns the number of seconds since the board was last powered on (after the code started running on it). Keep in mind, the function returns an always increasing value of time with an unknown reference point. Only use it to compare against other values from monotonic().

https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/en/latest/shared-bindings/time/index.html

Connecting to Serial Console: https://learn.adafruit.com/welcome-to-circuitpython/kattni-connecting-to-the-serial-console

UART Serial: https://learn.adafruit.com/circuitpython-essentials/circuitpython-uart-serial

• Communicate with hardware serial devices (UART devices like GPSs, some sensors, or other microcontrollers).

• Can set baud rate: number of bits per second being transferred to the serial line for printing (data transmission rate).

Servo Guide: https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-metro-m0-express-designed-for-circuitpython/circuitpython-servo

Digital inputs/outputs and analog inputs/outputs are different. Specifically, digital input signals are used to represent items that only have two states, such as ON (1) or OFF(0). Similarly, digital output signals are used to control items that, again, only have two states. In the above code, the LED values could either be True/False (ON/OFF). Analog signals are variable, they have multiple states. Analog input signals could represent such item as temperature. In the above code, for example, we use AnalogIn to read where the soft potentiometer is pressed. Analog input converts a voltage level into a digital value that can be stored and processed in a computer. Keep in mind that an analog signal can only be read by an analog I/O (input/output), but a digital one can use both analog or digital I/Os. We will match each with its corresponding pin.

(FROM ECE 5 LAB 0) Digital pins are either high or low. 0 or 1. Black or white. Light or dark. Nothing in between. They can be used as inputs AND outputs. These are commonly used for tactile or digital sensors, like buttons and switches. Analog inputs are 0 and 1, with everything in between. Instead of just black and white, you can have dark grey, light grey, etc. These ARE ONLY inputs. When you assign a pin number associated with an analog pin you can use the full name A0, for instance, or simply 0. In this case high refers to 5V and low refers to 0V.