Here I just list some (not exhausted) open data sources and/or datasets, including climate records and satellite images, which are common utilized in my works and collaborations.
Satellite images and datasets:
1. NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC, Tool)
Data download tools: for MODIS and Landsat images, global DEM and land cover
(2) Data Pool
(3) Global Data Explorer (Global Digital Elevation Model [GDEM])
(4) ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) Version 3 (ASTGTM, 30 m) (LINK-1; Link-2)
(4) Earth Explorer
(5) EOS WorldView
(6) Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG), University of Montana [LINK]
(7) USGS Global Visualization Viewer (GloVis)
(8) Landsat data access [LINK]
(9) EO On This Day, Images (NASA) [LINK]
(10) Nightime satellite data [LINK]
(11) Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC): Satellite-Derived Environmental Indicators [LINK]
2. Land use and Land cover
(1) Daac2Dick (Retirement) >> LP DAAC
(2) GlobeLand30
(3) USGS 30 meter global land cover [LINK]
(4) Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover (FROM-GLC, 30 m) [LINK]
(5) Global Land Cover maps (300 m spatial resolution) [LINK]
(6) Climate Change Initiative Extension (CCI+), annual land cover [LINK]
(7) Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: collection 3: epoch 2015 to 2019: Globe [LINK]
(8) Base maps in vector type [LINK]
3. Phenology products (phenometrics)
(1) Global Phenology Products (based on double logistic equations) (MCD12Q2)
(2) MODIS NCAP (North American Carbon Program, based on TIMESAT-asymmetric Gaussian functions)
(3) U.S. Forest Service (ForWarn II products)
(4) USGS Remote Sensing Phenology Data (based on AVHRR and MODIS NDVI and delayed moving average [DMA]) [LINK]
(5) PhenoCam: An ecosystem phenology camera network [LINK]
(6) PhenoCam Dataset V1.0 [LINK]
(7) PhenoCam Dataset V2.0 [LINK]
(8) First ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) Field Experiment (FIFE) [LINK]
(9) USA National Phenology Network (NPN) [LINK]
(10) The International Phenological Gardens of Europe (IPG) [LINK]
(11) Chinese Phenological Observation Network (CPON) [LINK]
(12) Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Urban Phenology Year (GUPY) [LINK]
(13) Phenological Eyes Network (PEN) [LINK]
Climate and Environmental datasets: Global
1. WorldClim-Global Climate Data
2. NOAA: Land-Based Datasets and Products [LINK]
3. World Climate [LINK]
4. World Bank Climate Data [LINK]
5. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center [LINK]
6. Global Risk Data Platform [LINK]
7. International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) [LINK]
8. Joint Typhoon Warning Center [LINK]
9. Global River Widths from Landsat (GRWL) Database [LINK]
10. Global Runoff Data Centre [LINK]
11. MERIT Hydro: global hydrography datasets (DEM, rivers, waters, streets map) [LINK]
12. Hydrological data and maps based on SHuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple Scales (HydroSHEDS) [LINK]
13. WMO, Climate Indices [LINK]
14. Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) [LINK]
15. ERA5-Land: Temperature, Precipitation, Lakes, Snow, Soil Water, Radiation, Runoff, Wind Vegetation, from 1950 to present [LINK]
16. ERA5-Land monthly averaged data from 1950 to present [LINK]
17. Global Aridity Index and Potential Evapotranspiration (ET0) Climate Database v3 [LINK]
18. Monthly air temperature and precipitation: Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia (CRU-TS) [LINK]
19. Monthly solar radiation: Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) [LINK]
20. Atmospheric CO2: Global and North American Driver Data for Multi-Model Intercomparison [LINK]
21. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory: CO2 and GHGs [LINK]
22. A global 5 km monthly potential evapotranspiration dataset (1982–2015) [LINK]
23. Harmonized World Soil Database v2.0 [LINK]
24. Global SPEI database: 0.5 degree [LINK]
25. LandScan: global population distribution: 1 km [LINK]；World Population Data [LINK]
26. ODIAC Fossil Fuel Emission Dataset: CO2, 1 km [LINK]
27. Gridded global datasets for Gross Domestic Product and Human Development Index over 1990-2015 [LINK]
28. Free Earth observation data can be used in various fields [LINK]
Climate and Environmental datasets: Taiwan
1. Taiwan: 中央氣象局, 氣象資料開放平台 [LINK], 觀測資料查詢 [LINK]
2. Taiwan: Data Bank for Atmospheric & Hydroloigc Research (DBAHR)
3. Taiwan: National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR)
4. Taiwan: Taiwan Climate Change Projection and Information Platform (TCCIP)
5. Taiwan: Taiwan Typhoon Information Center [LINK]
6. Taiwan: 台灣颱風預報輔助系統 [LINK]
7. Taiwan: 防災資訊整合平台 [LINK]
8. Taiwan: PBLAP
Government's Open Data:
1. U.S. Government's Open Data [LINK]
2. USGS Science Explorer [LINK]
3. USGS Hydrology Data Products and Map Services [LINK]
4. Center for Environmental Data Analysis [LINK]
5. Harvard Dataverse [LINK]
6. Britain's Ordnance Survey [LINK]
7. PANGAEA [LINK]
8. Nature Earth [LINK]
9. Conservation GIS Data (The Nature Conservancy) [LINK]
10. Worldpop [LINK]
12. Taiwan Government's Open Data [LINK]
13. China Data Center [LINK]
13. Free GIS Data lists [LINK]
14. GADM maps and data [LINK]
Long-term networks of Atmospheric Deposition
1. National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP)
2. European Monitoring and Evalution Programme (EMEP)
3. Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET)
4. International Network to study Deposition and Atmospheric chemistry in AFrica (INDAAF)
5. Global Maps of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition, 1860, 1993, and 2050 [LINK]
Data Journal (Data papers):
1. Scientific Data [LINK]
2. Earth System Science Data [ESSD]
3. Geoscience Data Journal [LINK]
4. Data in Brief [LINK]
5. Ecology
(1) MelastomaTRAITs 1.0: A database of functional traits in Melastomataceae, a large pantropical angiosperm family. Ecology 105: e4308[LINK] [Data](2) ToTE: A global database on trees of the treeline ecotone. Ecology 105: e4309 [LINK] [Data](3) SNAPSHOT USA 2021: A third coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States. Ecology 105: e4318 [LINK] [LINK2] [LINK3] [Data](4) CamTrapAsia: A dataset of tropical forest vertebrate communities from 239 camera trapping studies. Ecology 105: e4299 [LINK] [Data]Eological & Biological Datasets
TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species [LINK]