This theory describes how individuals explain the causes and effects of their behaviors or experiences. When something happens, people “attribute” the results to internal factors (like their own capabilities) and external factors (like luck). In future situations, we use those experiences to decide whether or not our effort will lead to a successful or desirable outcome.

⭐Learned Helplessness: When students feel they have no control over any challenging situation they are in (attributing circumstances to external uncontrollable factors), leading them to give up without even trying and consistently expecting failure (Dweck, 1975)

Self-efficacy is essentially whether or not a person has confidence in their ability to perform a specific behavior, succeed in particular situations, or accomplish tasks.

This theory stresses the importance of believing in your own capability to be successful and reach goals. Self-efficacy also has a large impact on behavior and motivation. 

Mindset theory states that people can have different beliefs about their abilities and intelligence that affect how they view learning, approach challenges, and strive for success. There are two widely discussed mindsets: 

• Fixed Mindset: People with a fixed mindset believe that their abilities and intelligence are static traits based on innate skills. They may avoid challenges to avoid failure and may give up easily.

• Growth Mindset: People with growth mindsets believe that their abilities and intelligence can be developed through effort, learning, and perseverance. They see challenges, setbacks, and failures as learning opportunities.