Bulls [VERIFIED]

Dr. Bulls is an active #AcademicTwitter user: follow her at @hwbulls. Outside of the office, she enjoys home renovation projects, kickboxing, eating soup dumplings, solving crossword puzzles, and cheering on the Florida Gators.

The color red does not make bulls angry. In fact, bulls are partially color blind compared to healthy humans, so that they cannot see red. According to the book "Improving Animal Welfare" by Temple Grandin, cattle lack the red retina receptor and can only see yellow, green, blue, and violet colors. Color vision in mammals is accomplished by a collection of cone cells on the back of the eye (the retina). There are three kinds of cone cells: one kind that detects predominantly red colors, another kind that detects mainly green, and the last kind that detects mainly blue. Although cone cells respond most strongly to their main color, they can still respond to other close colors. This color overlap of the cones' sensitivity is what allows us to see so many colors. For instance, a pure yellow color stimulates both the red cone and the green cone, and we experience the combination as yellow. If instead of looking at a pure yellow dot of light, you looked instead at a red dot very close to a green dot with the right balance, you would still experience yellow because the red cones and green cones are being stimulated in the same way. This fact makes the manufacture of computer screens very practical. Instead of implanting a million pixels into a computer screen at every point, each with a different color, the manufacturer only has to construct a grid of red, green, and blue pixels. Humans are actually looking at an array of red, green, and blue dots on a screen but perceive millions of colors. Most mammals, including bulls, are dichromats. This means that they only have two different kinds of cones, as opposed to the three in humans. Bulls lack the red cones, but still have the green and blue cones. A bull's vision is very similar to the vision of a human with red-cone color blindness, known as protanopia. To them, a red cape looks yellowish-gray. It is perhaps the threatening, waving motion of the matador's red cape that enrages a bull, and not the color.

Bulls

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Neospora caninum caninum is a protozoan parasite that can cause abortions, birth of congenitally infected calves, and reduced milk production in cattle. Neosporosis in cattle can be transmitted through vertical transplacental transmission from dam to calf, or through horizontal transmission between animals. While it is well established that horizontal transmission from dogs (the definitive host) to cattle (an intermediate host) occurs, it is not clear whether horizontal transmission may occur between cows and bulls during mating. Transmission via infected semen of seropositive bulls was suggested when N. caninum DNA was found in bull semen. The primary objective of this article is to critically evaluate the evidence for venereal transmission of N. caninum between cattle, to determine whether this transmission route is likely to occur. A secondary objective is to review and evaluate published evidence for whether neosporosis in bulls may affect semen quality and production. N. caninum DNA can be detected by PCR in occasional batches of semen straws from bulls that are seropositive for N. caninum. Insemination of heifers with semen experimentally infected with 5 104 N. caninum tachyzoites has caused persistent seroconversion in some animals. However, the highest concentration of parasites in the semen of naturally infected bulls was estimated, using quantitative PCR, as 10 tachyzoites. Thus it appears that, whether used for natural or artificial insemination, the semen of bulls naturally infected with N. caninum, does not contain the necessary intrauterine dose of tachyzoites to cause persistent seroconversion in a heifer or cow. Thus, based on the available evidence, the venereal transmission of N. caninum via bull semen is extremely unlikely. Nevertheless, neosporosis in bulls may influence semen quality and production. Epididymal semen concentration, viability, and motility appeared "to be" significantly decreased in N. caninum-seropositive bulls compared to seronegative bulls. Furthermore, semen production could be altered if neosporosis affects the thyroid gland. The thyroid hormones such as triiodothyronine and thyroxine (T4) may affect testicular development. Significantly lower concentrations of T4 were observed in the blood of N. caninum-seropositive, compared with those of seronegative bulls. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the long-term effect and significance of neosporosis on semen quality and thyroid hormone concentrations in bulls.

In Portugal the bull is killed after the tourada, not in front of the crowd. (Some bulls with only superficial wounds are spared to fight another day.) Aficionados of the Spanish tradition insist that Portuguese fights are actually crueler, since they humiliate the bull, rather than treat him as a fellow warrior.

It was nasty. I can't help but acknowledge the bullfight as an important part of Spanish culture. But it's one that makes a spectacle out of the cruel torture and killing of an animal. Should tourists boycott bullfights? I don't know. I've always been ambivalent about listing the fights in my guidebooks. I do still list them, thinking that as a travel writer, I need to report on what exists, rather than judge it or seek to put an end to another culture's tradition. When the event is kept alive only by the patronage of tourists, I'll reconsider my reporting. In the meantime, I agree with the boy and his parents: Two bulls is plenty.

Bulls in the Ballpark will feature two nights of the toughest cowboys facing off against the rowdiest bulls. Rodeo Austin is excited to partner with Round Rock Express to bring real Texas grit to the ballpark! ff782bc1db