Term 3

C1.2.1—ATP as the molecule that distributes energy within cells

C1.2.2—Life processes within cells that ATP supplies with energy 

C1.2.3—Energy transfers during interconversions between ATP and ADP

C1.2.4—Cell respiration as a system for producing ATP within the cell using energy released from carbon compounds

C1.2.5—Differences between anaerobic and aerobic cell respiration in humans

C1.2.6—Variables affecting the rate of cell respiration

C1.2.7—Role of NAD as a carrier of hydrogen and oxidation by removal of hydrogen during cell respiration

C1.2.8—Conversion of glucose to pyruvate by stepwise reactions in glycolysis with a net yield of ATP and reduced NAD

C1.2.9—Conversion of pyruvate to lactate as a means of regenerating NAD in anaerobic cell respiration

C1.2.10—Anaerobic cell respiration in yeast and its use in brewing and baking

C1.2.11—Oxidation and decarboxylation of pyruvate as a link reaction in aerobic cell respiration

C1.2.12—Oxidation and decarboxylation of acetyl groups in the Krebs cycle with a yield of ATP and reduced NAD

C1.2.13—Transfer of energy by reduced NAD to the electron transport chain in the mitochondrion

C1.2.14—Generation of a proton gradient by flow of electrons along the electron transport chain

C1.2.15—Chemiosmosis and the synthesis of ATP in the mitochondrion

C1.2.16—Role of oxygen as terminal electron acceptor in aerobic cell respiration

C.1.2.17—Differences between lipids and carbohydrates as respiratory substrates

C1.3.1—Transformation of light energy to chemical energy when carbon compounds are produced in photosynthesis

C1.3.2—Conversion of carbon dioxide to glucose in photosynthesis using hydrogen obtained by splitting water

C1.3.3—Oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis in plants, algae and cyanobacteria

C1.3.4—Separation and identification of photosynthetic pigments by chromatography

C1.3.5—Absorption of specific wavelengths of light by photosynthetic pigments

C1.3.6—Similarities and differences of absorption and action spectra

C1.3.7—Techniques for varying concentrations of carbon dioxide, light intensity or temperature experimentally to investigate the effects of limiting factors on the rate of photosynthesis

C1.3.8—Carbon dioxide enrichment experiments as a means of predicting future rates of photosynthesis and plant growth

C1.3.9—Photosystems as arrays of pigment molecules that can generate and emit excited electrons

C1.3.10—Advantages of the structured array of different types of pigment molecules in a photosystem

C1.3.11—Generation of oxygen by the photolysis of water in photosystem II

C1.3.12—ATP production by chemiosmosis in thylakoids

C1.3.13—Reduction of NADP by photosystem I 

C1.3.14—Thylakoids as systems for performing the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

C1.3.15—Carbon fixation by Rubisco

C1.3.16—Synthesis of triose phosphate using reduced NADP and ATP

C1.3.17—Regeneration of RuBP in the Calvin cycle using ATP

C1.3.18—Synthesis of carbohydrates, amino acids and other carbon compounds using the products of the Calvin cycle and mineral nutrients 

C1.3.19—Interdependence of the light-dependent and light-independent reactions

D3.2.1—Production of haploid gametes in parents and their fusion to form a diploid zygote as the means of inheritance

D3.2.2—Methods for conducting genetic crosses in flowering plants

D3.2.3—Genotype as the combination of alleles inherited by an organism

D3.2.4—Phenotype as the observable traits of an organism resulting from genotype and environmental factors

D3.2.5—Effects of dominant and recessive alleles on phenotype 

D3.2.6—Phenotypic plasticity as the capacity to develop traits suited to the environment experienced by an organism, by varying patterns of gene expression

D3.2.7—Phenylketonuria as an example of a human disease due to a recessive allele

D3.2.8—Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple alleles in gene pools

D3.2.9—ABO blood groups as an example of multiple alleles 

D3.2.10—Incomplete dominance and codominance

D3.2.11—Sex determination in humans and inheritance of genes on sex chromosomes

D3.2.12—Haemophilia as an example of a sex-linked genetic disorder

D3.2.13—Pedigree charts to deduce patterns of inheritance of genetic disorders

D3.2.14—Continuous variation due to polygenic inheritance and/or environmental factors

D3.2.15—Box-and-whisker plots to represent data for a continuous variable such as student height

D3.2.16—Segregation and independent assortment of unlinked genes in meiosis

D3.2.17—Punnett grids for predicting genotypic and phenotypic ratios in dihybrid crosses involving pairs of unlinked autosomal genes

D3.2.18—Loci of human genes and their polypeptide products

D3.2.19—Autosomal gene linkage

D3.2.20—Recombinants in crosses involving two linked or unlinked genes

D3.2.21—Use of a chi-squared test on data from dihybrid crosses

D4.1.1—Natural selection as the mechanism driving evolutionary change

D4.1.2—Roles of mutation and sexual reproduction in generating the variation on which natural selection acts

D4.1.3—Overproduction of offspring and competition for resources as factors that promote natural selection

D4.1.4—Abiotic factors as selection pressures

D4.1.5—Differences between individuals in adaptation, survival and reproduction as the basis for natural selection 

D4.1.6—Requirement that traits are heritable for evolutionary change to occur

D4.1.7—Sexual selection as a selection pressure in animal species

D4.1.8—Modelling of sexual and natural selection based on experimental control of selection pressures

D4.1.9—Concept of the gene pool

D4.1.10—Allele frequencies of geographically isolated populations

D4.1.11—Changes in allele frequency in the gene pool as a consequence of natural selection between individuals according to differences in their heritable traits

D4.1.12—Differences between directional, disruptive and stabilizing selection

D4.1.13—Hardy–Weinberg equation and calculations of allele or genotype frequencies

D4.1.14—Hardy–Weinberg conditions that must be maintained for a population to be in genetic equilibrium

D4.1.15—Artificial selection by deliberate choice of traits

A3.1.1—Variation between organisms as a defining feature of life

A3.1.2—Species as groups of organisms with shared traits

A3.1.3—Binomial system for naming organisms

A3.1.4—Biological species concept

A3.1.5—Difficulties distinguishing between populations and species due to divergence of noninterbreeding populations during speciation

A3.1.6—Diversity in chromosome numbers of plant and animal species 

A3.1.7—Karyotyping and karyograms

A3.1.8—Unity and diversity of genomes within species

A3.1.9—Diversity of eukaryote genomes

A3.1.10—Comparison of genome sizes

A3.1.11—Current and potential future uses of whole genome sequencing 

A3.1.12—Difficulties applying the biological species concept to asexually reproducing species and to bacteria that have horizontal gene transfer

A3.1.13—Chromosome number as a shared trait within a species

A3.1.14—Engagement with local plant or animal species to develop a dichotomous key 

A3.1.15—Identification of species from environmental DNA in a habitat using barcodes