Term 2

B2.1.1—Lipid bilayers as the basis of cell membranes

B2.1.2—Lipid bilayers as barriers

B2.1.3—Simple diffusion across membranes 

B2.1.4—Integral and peripheral proteins in membranes

B2.1.5—Movement of water molecules across membranes by osmosis and the role of aquaporins

B2.1.6—Channel proteins for facilitated diffusion

B2.1.7—Pump proteins for active transport

B2.1.8—Selectivity in membrane permeability

B2.1.9—Structure and function of glycoproteins and glycolipids

B2.1.10—Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure

B2.1.11—Relationships between fatty acid composition of lipid bilayers and their fluidity

B2.1.12—Cholesterol and membrane fluidity in animal cells

B2.1.13—Membrane fluidity and the fusion and formation of vesicles

B2.1.14—Gated ion channels in neurons 

B2.1.15—Sodium–potassium pumps as an example of exchange transporters

B2.1.16—Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters as an example of indirect active transport

B2.1.17—Adhesion of cells to form tissues

D2.3.1—Solvation with water as the solvent

D2.3.2—Water movement from less concentrated to more concentrated solutions

D2.3.3—Water movement by osmosis into or out of cells

D2.3.4—Changes due to water movement in plant tissue bathed in hypotonic and those bathed in hypertonic solutions

D2.3.5—Effects of water movement on cells that lack a cell wall

D2.3.6—Effects of water movement on cells with a cell wall

D2.3.7—Medical applications of isotonic solutions

D2.3.8—Water potential as the potential energy of water per unit volume

D2.3.9—Movement of water from higher to lower water potential 

D2.3.10—Contributions of solute potential and pressure potential to the water potential of cells with walls

D2.3.11—Water potential and water movements in plant tissue

B2.2.1—Organelles as discrete subunits of cells that are adapted to perform specific functions

B2.2.2—Advantage of the separation of the nucleus and cytoplasm into separate compartments 

B2.2.3—Advantages of compartmentalization in the cytoplasm of cells

B2.2.4—Adaptations of the mitochondrion for production of ATP by aerobic cell respiration 

B2.2.5—Adaptations of the chloroplast for photosynthesis

B2.2.6—Functional benefits of the double membrane of the nucleus

B2.2.7—Structure and function of free ribosomes and of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

B2.2.8—Structure and function of the Golgi apparatus 

B2.2.9—Structure and function of vesicles in cells 

C1.1.1—Enzymes as catalysts

C1.1.2—Role of enzymes in metabolism 

C1.1.3—Anabolic and catabolic reactions

C1.1.4—Enzymes as globular proteins with an active site for catalysis

C1.1.5—Interactions between substrate and active site to allow induced-fit binding 

C1.1.6—Role of molecular motion and substrate-active site collisions in enzyme catalysis

C1.1.7—Relationships between the structure of the active site, enzyme–substrate specificity and denaturation

C1.1.8—Effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme activity 

C1.1.9—Measurements in enzyme-catalysed reactions 

C1.1.10—Effect of enzymes on activation energy

C1.1.11—Intracellular and extracellular enzyme-catalysed reactions

C1.1.12—Generation of heat energy by the reactions of metabolism 

C1.1.13—Cyclical and linear pathways in metabolism 

C1.1.14—Allosteric sites and non-competitive inhibition

C1.1.15—Competitive inhibition as a consequence of an inhibitor binding reversibly to an active site

C1.1.16—Regulation of metabolic pathways by feedback inhibition

C1.1.17—Mechanism-based inhibition as a consequence of chemical changes to the active site caused by the irreversible binding of an inhibitor