Students can predict important yield coefficients using the principles of stoichiometry and energetics of microbial growth.
Ability to analyze mixing processes & Understanding of fluid flow through packed and fluidized beds.
Students will be able to understand solid-solid separation method and other separation techniques.
To get acquainted with Bioprocess instrumentation, Control and Automation.
Introduction to bioprocess engineering, bioprocess development and interdisciplinary connections, bioprocess kinetics: quantitative description of bioprocess, Malthus law, defining rates and yield coefficients
Kinetic modelling, model structures, unstructured and structured kinetic models
Material balances: modes of operation of bioreactors (batch, continuous, fed-batch or semi-batch) mass balances for ideal bioreactors, general dynamic mass balance equations, specific mass balance equations for different modes of operation with dynamic state variables, dilution rate, productivity and reactor volume, energy balances: basic energy concepts
Transport phenomenon in bioprocess system: mass transfer (gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, gas-solid, gas-liquid-solid), mass transfer steps, mass transfer equations, oxygen transfer, transfer steps, oxygen transfer equations, volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (Kla), measurement of Kla, heat transfer principles, heat transfer mass balance, heat generation and exchange, heat removal
Fluid dynamics and mixing: fluid types, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid, newton’s law of viscous flow, flow curve, shear stress and shear rate
Mixing: mixing equipments, impellers, baffles, impeller types (axial flow and radial flow impellers), mechanism of mixing
Designing of bioreactors: bioreactor types (stirring and non stirring), design configurations, STR, BCR, ALB and FBR. Criteria of positioning baffles agitators and spargers, bioreactor vessel design features, construction inputs, designs of bioreactors for sterile operations, pipe work valve types and filters, steam traps, clean- in- place issues
Photobioreactors: laboratory and industrial scale photobioreactors, solar photobioreactors, wave bioreactor
Sterilization of media and air for bioprocess. Liquid media sterilization, kinetics of sterilization, del factor, heating, holding and cooling cycles, design of sterilization process (batch and continuous), design of sterilization cycles (Richard’s graphical integration rapid method)
Continuous sterilization (direct & indirect), continuous sterilization system for fermentation media sterility using spiral heat exchangers
Filter sterilization: mechanism, interception, filter types, absolute (fixed) and depth (non-fixed) filters, construction of depth filter types, zeta potential, hydrophilic membrane cartridges, hydrophobic membrane cartridges, construction, theory of depth filter
Cell immobilization, merits and demerits. cell immobilization strategies, active and passive immobilization (bio-films), microencapsulation (special immobilization system: beads, coated bead & hollow sphere), methods in microencapsulation, dropping methods, coaxial dropping, binding (adsorption, cross-linking, covalent binding), passive immobilization: biological films formation process, diffusion limitations in immobilized system, overall cell immobilization applications
Downstream processing: a multi stage operation, unit operations: solid liquid separation: filtration (batch, continuous), clarification, filter aids, flocculation, floatation/foam separation, centrifugation (batch, continuous), (principle, theory & equipments)
Methods for disruption of cells, recovery of intracellular components: mechanical and non-mechanical (chemical & enzymatic methods), high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization
Concentration of biological products: evaporation (principles and equipments), membrane filtration, electrodiyalysis, pervaporation, perstraction,
Liquid-liquid extraction, aqueous two phase system (ATPS), precipitation, adsorption (break through curve), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
Purification of product: chromatography methods and types, product formulation: principles and equipments, drying and types of dryers and lyophilization (sublimation, triple point)
Monitoring of downstream process and process integration: bioprocess monitoring, flow injection analysis (FIA)
Fundamentals of bioprocess control, physical, chemical and biological sensors, classes of sensors: in-line, on-line and off- line sensors
Instrumentation and principles or measurement of temperature, flow rate, pressure, agitation shaft power, foam sensing, biomass, dissolved oxygen, pH, carbon dioxide etc
Deflection and thermal type paramagnetic oxygen analyzer for inlet/exhaust air
Basic control system, automation and control system: control loops (open and closed), controllers, manual control, automatic control, cascade control, ratio control, complex control systems, cascade feedback control, proportional, integral and derivative (PID) control
Application of computers in bioprocess engineering: data logging, analysis and control, computerized bioprocess control, bioprocess computers: limitations
Artificial neural network and role neural network computers in bioprocess control process economics, requisites for setting up of a biotech company: stating point of discussion, cost benefit analysis
1. Bioprocess description in quantitative terms, calculation of doubling time, estimation of specific growth rate of target organism, preparation of growth curve. Evaluation of Malthus law
2. Determination of yield coefficient and evaluation of Monod model
3. Cell immobilization technique, biomass generation and harvesting of biological organism for analysis
4. Development of laboratory scale bioreactors: Know-how
5.Production of biotechnological products from immobilized yeast cells in packed bed bioreactor
6. Purification and identification of unknown compounds from a mixture of compounds using column chromatography and TLC
7. Extraction of protein from a crude bioprocess homogenate using aqueous two phase system (ATPS)
8. Extraction of protein from milk and papain homogenate using aqueous two phase system (ATPS)
1. Bioprocess Engineering Principles by P. M. Doran
2. Bioprocess Engineering Basic Concepts by Kargi and Shuler
3. Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering by Bailey and Ollis
4. Introduction to Biochemical Engineering Principles by D. G. Rao\
5. Bioreaction Engineering Principles by Jens Høiriis Nielsen, John Villadsen, Gunnar Lidén
6. Principles of Fermentation Technology by P.F. Stansbury, A. Whitaker and S. J. Hall
7. Basic Biotechnology by C. Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiansen
8. Bioprocess Engineering by Bjorn K, Lydersen, Nacy, D’Elia, Nelson
Students will have a critical awareness of applications to biomedical science, disease and diagnosis.
Students will specialise in the newer, molecular approaches which offer enormous potential for new medical therapies.
Student will have a detailed exposure on multiple uses of antibodies and vaccines in medical biotechnology.
Students will be able to explain how advances in stem cell research, regenerative medicine, and synthetic biology may lead to improved health care.
Chromosomal disorders- Numerical disorders e.g. Trisomies and Monosomies, Structural disorders e.g. Deletions, Duplications, Translocations and Inversions
Single gene disorders- Sickle Cell Anaemia and Thalassemia; Polygenic diseases- Alzheimer’s disease, Type 1 Diabetes; Mitochondrial diseases- MELAS, MERRF
Infectious disorders- Hepatitis and HIV
Identification of disease genes: Functional cloning- eg. Haemophilia, Positional cloning- eg. DMD; Candidate gene approach- eg. Marfan syndrome
Molecular pathology of genetic diseases- Gain of function mutations- Pittsburg variant of alpha 1 antitrypsin; Loss of function mutations- PAX-3 gene; Gene dosage effect- PMP22, Collagen gene; Dynamic mutations- Fragile- X syndrome, Myotonic dystrophy
Genomic imprinting- mechanisms, Prader-willi & Angelman syndrome
Prenatal diagnosis- indications for prenatal diagnosis; pre-implantation genetic diagnosis; invasive techniques- amniocentesis, fetoscopy, chorionic villi sampling (CVS); non-invasive techniques- ultrasonography, X-ray, TIFA, maternal serum screening and fetal cells in maternal blood
Diagnosis using protein and enzyme markers (PKU- Guthrie test, Dystrophy- Creatine kinase)
Diagnosis using monoclonal antibodies- hormonal disorders & infectious diseases
DNA/RNA based diagnosis- Hepatitis, CML– bcr/abl, HIV
Microarray technology- genomic and cDNA arrays, application to disease diagnosis
Genetic counselling- calculating risk & discussing the options
Gene therapy- Ex-vivo, Invivo, Insitu gene therapy; Strategies of Gene Therapy- Gene augmentation, Prodrug therapy/Suicide gene, TFO, Antisense therapy, SmaRT, Ribozymes, Protein aptamers, Intrabodies
Vectors used in gene therapy: Biological vectors- Retrovirus, Adenoviruses, Herpes; Synthetic vectors- Liposomes, Receptor mediated gene transfer; Gene therapy trials: ADA deficiency, Cystic fibrosis, Solid tumours, HIV, Parkinson disease
RNA interference and its applications in prevention of cancer and generation of antiviral drugs; Therapeutic genome editing- ZFN, CRISPR-Cas gene editing technology (HIV), TALENS (Leukaemia)
Enzyme therapy- Gaucher disease; Hormone replacement therapy- Diabetes, Growth hormone deficiency; Cytokine therapy- Interferons
Pharmacogenomics- Single gene disorders (G6PD) and Multigenic diseases (CHD); Benefits of pharmacogenomics
DNA based vaccines- Dental caries; Subunit vaccines- Herpes simplex virus; Attenuated vaccines- Cholera; Vector vaccines- Rabies
Regenerative medicine: Stem cells- Embryonic and Adult stem cells, Totipotent, Pluripotent and Multipotent cells Characteristics and properties of stem cells
Potential use of stem cells- Cell based therapies
Cell and tissue engineering- Characteristics of cells involved in tissue engineering; Types and characteristics of biomaterials
Bioartificial organs (Liver, Heart auricles, Blood vessels & Skin)
Nanomedicine: Nanomaterials in medicine- quantum dots, dendrimers, peptide nanotubes, smart drugs, nanopore sensors, nanopore immune isolation devices, nano robots (microbivores, respirocyte), DNA based nano devices; Nanomedicine in cancer
Drug delivery systems- criteria for drug delivery systems, drug delivery carriers, controlled release mechanisms, administration routes
1. Genotyping of candidate genes for diseases by RFLP, Microsatellite & VNTR analysis
2. Screening for known mutations by ARMS-PCR/ASO
3. Screening for unknown mutations by SSCP and sequencing
4. Detection for dynamic mutations- Trinucleotide repeat polymorphism
5. Identification of disease gene expression by Real-time PCR
6. Sequencing of cDNA and cloning in expression vectors
7. Detection of congenital abnormalities by triple test
8. Preparation of Ag nano particles and testing their anti microbial effect
9. Encapsulation of lymphocytes/ RBCs
1. Introduction to Human Molecular Genetics- J.J Pasternak, John Wiley Publishers
2. Human Molecular Genetics- Tom Strachen and A P Read, Bios Scientific Publishers
3. Human Genetics Molecular Evolution- Mc Conkey
4. Recombinant DNA Technology- AEH Emery
5. Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics, I, II, III Volumes by AEH Edts. Emery
6. Medical Biotechnology- Pratibha Nallari, V. Venugopal Rao- Oxford Press
7. Medical Biotechnology 1st Edition- Judit pongracz, Mary Keen
8. Medical Biotechnology by Bernard R. Glick, Terry L. Delovitch, Cheryl L. Pattern. ASM press, 2014
9. Molecular Biotechnology-Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA- 4th Edition by Bernard R. Glick, Jacj J. Pasternack, Cheryl L. Pattern
An understanding of environment protection regulations and source of environmental pollutions
Have a knowledge of how biooxidation,Bioremediation & microbial leaching in the industries.
the basic principles involved in waste water and solid waste management and biofuels
Importance of Biofertilizers,biopesticides,INM& IPM.
Introduction to environmental pollution, types of pollution - air, water and soil pollutions, classification of pollutants- inorganic, organic and biotic
Sources of pollution- domestic waste, agricultural waste, industrial effluents, municipal waste, eutrophication and algal blooms
Fossil fuels as energy source and their impact on environment
Climate change, greenhouse effect and global warming
Heavy metal, insecticide, pesticide and xenobiotic pollution and impact on environment
Environmental monitoring- Bioindicators
Microbial treatment of waste water (sewage or industrial effluent)- aerobic and anaerobic methods
Solid waste management and composting of organic wastes
Bioremediation of heavy metals- biosorption and bioaccumulation
Microbial bioremediation of pesticides and xenobiotic compounds
Phytoremediation and its applications
Conservation of biodiversity
Biomass as renewable energy source
Types of biomass- plant, animal and microbial biomass
Energy crops for carbon sequestration
Animal waste and production of biogas
Production of biofuels: bioethanol, biohydrogen and biomethane
Production of biodiesel from plants and algae
Biofertilizers and their importance
Bacterial biofertilizers- nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria; algal biofertilizers- blue-green algae and azolla; fungal biofertilizers- mycorrhizae
Integrated nutrient management
Biological control and development of biopesticides
Bacterial, fungal and viral biopesticides
Integrated pest management
1. Estimation of biological oxygen demand in sewage samples
2. Estimation of chemical oxygen demand in sewage samples
3. Determination of total dissolved solids in water samples
4. Determination of coliforms to estimate quality of water samples
5. Isolation of xenobiotic degrading bacteria by selective enrichment technique
6. Estimation of heavy metals in water/soil by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
7. Production of microbial fertilizers
8. Preparation of formulations of microbial biopesticide
1. Text book of biotechnology by H.K. Das (Wiley Publications)
2. Biotechnology by H.J. Rehm and G. Reed. (VIH Publications, Germany)
3. Biogas Technology By Nijaguna
4. Biotechnology by K. Trehan
5. Industrial Microbiology By L.E. Casida
6. Food Microbiology by M.R. Adams and M.O. Moss
7. Introduction to biotechnology by P.K. Gupta
8. Essentials of biotechnology for students by Satya N. Das
9. Bioethics- readings and cases by B.A. Brody and H. T. Engelhardt. Jr. (Pearson Education)
10. Biotechnology, IPRs and biodiversity by M.B. Rao and Manjula Guru (Pearson Education)
Drugs- influencing factors
Drug concentration-response relationship
Receptor mechanisms of drug action and signal transduction mechanisms
Introduction to agonist, antagonist, competitive antagonist, partial antagonists
Therapeutic index, LD50, IC50, ED50
Drug toxicity and drug allergy
Denovo drug design techniques
Properties of drug likeliness, lipinski rule
In-silico calculation of ADME parameters
Structural activity relationships in drug designing
Lead optimization and validation
Molecular modeling, molecular docking and pharmacophore optimization
General principles of pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics parameters like absorption, distribution, metabolism & excretion
Factors affecting drug action and enzyme inhibitory studies
Phases of clinical trails
Personalized medicine
Pharmaceutically important biotechnological products and their actions
Introduction to main drug classes
Principles of autonomic and peripheral nervous system pharmacology
Principles of cardiovascular pharmacology
Principles of pharmacology of the central nervous system
Principles of anti-cancer drug therapy
Immunopharmacology
1. Enzyme based inhibition activity IC50 calculation
2. Antioxidant activity of super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase
3. Drug cytotoxicity using a cell line (MTT assay)
4. Analysis of biological specifications for drug content and estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, Measures of bioavailability, Cmax, tmax, and Area Under the Curve (AUC)
5. In-silico calculation of drug likeliness of small molecules by using lipinski rule and ADME parameters
6. In-silico optimization of pharmacophore
7. Anti-microbial plate assay
8. Anti-fungal plate assay
1. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Gilman
2. Textbook of Pharmacology by Rang and Dale
3. Quientessence of Medical Pharmacology by C.Chowdary
4. Lippincott’s illustrated reviews - Pharmacology by Richard D.Howland and Mery J.Mylek
5. Essentials of medical pharmacology by K.D.Tripathi
6. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics by R.S.Satoskar, S.D.Bhanderkar and S.S.Ainapure