SEMESTER - I
THEORY PAPER - I BT 101 T - CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
1. Course Objectives (C. Obj.):
a. To understand basic aspects of intracellular organization of a eukaryotic cell
b. To comprehend the Mendelian Genetic principles in humans, plants and animals and Obtain basic knowledge of hierarchical structure and organization of chromosomes, insight into chromosomal anomalies and learn the science behind gene mapping in eukaryotes
c. To comprehend the biochemical and molecular processes of cell division and cell death
2. Course Outcomes (C.O.):
a. Comprehend the cellular architecture and processes
b. Ability to apply Mendelian inheritance principles to humans, plants & animals and Understand the importance of fidelity of chromosome organization and to localize genes by techniques
c. Knowledge regarding the basic mechanisms underlying cell division and cell death
COURSE PLAN
UNIT I: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. Membrane System and Transport
A. Membrane Structure and Transport:- Structure of plasma membrane - membrane lipids, membrane proteins; Transport across cell membranes - passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels, active transport, carriers.
B. Endomembrane System and Transport:- Rough ER - targeting and secretion of proteins; Smooth ER - lipid synthesis and export; Golgi complex - organization and functions, vesicular transport (endocytosis and exocytosis); Lysosomes – structure and functions, autophagy.
C. Nuclear Envelope and transport between Nucleus and Cytoplasm:– Structure of nuclear envelope; Nuclear pore complex; Selective transport of proteins to and from the nucleus; Regulation of protein import; Transport of RNAs.
2. Organization, Genetic Systems and Function of Organelles involved in Cell Energetics and Metabolism
A. Mitochondria:– Organization and function; Protein import and mitochondrial assembly; Oxidative phosphorylation - electron transport chain, chemiosmotic coupling; Transport of metabolites; Mitochondrial genome.
B. Chloroplast:– structure and function; Import and sorting of chloroplast proteins; Photosynthesis - electron flow through PSII and PSI, cyclic electron flow, ATP synthesis.
C. Peroxisomes:- Structure, functions, assembly, import of proteins.
3. Structure and Organization of Cytoskeleton and Cell Movements
A. Actin Filaments:– Structure, assembly and organization; Role in cell - association with plasma membrane, cell movements (muscle and non-muscle contraction), protrusions of cell surface.
B. Intermediate filaments:- proteins, assembly, organization, types and functions
C. Microtubules:–Structure, organization and assembly; Role of microtubule and motors in movements - organelle transport, intracellular organization, separation of mitotic chromosome, cilia and flagella
4. Internal Organization in Nucleus
A. Chromosomes and higher order chromatin structure:-– Euchromatin and heterochromatin: Organization of chromosomes in nucleus - nucleosomes, chromatin fiber, looped chromatin domains: Centromeres, telomeres.
B. Nucleolus –Organization of nucleolus; ribosome assembly.
C. Functional Domains within the Nucleus:- Sub-compartments – replication origins, nuclear bodies; chromosomal territories.
5. Cell cycle and Cell processes
A. Eukaryotic cell cycle:– Phases; Regulation, checkpoints; Cyclins and Cyclin dependent kinases.
B. Mitosis and meiosis:-Stages of mitosis- cdk1/cyclinB, progression to metaphase, spindle assembly checkpoint, progression to anaphase, cytokinesis: Process of meiosisregulation of oocyte meiosis, fertilization.
C. Cell signaling mechanisms in Cell death: Necrosis, Apoptosis - intrinsic & extrinsic pathways and termination of signal pathway.
UNIT II: MENDELIAN AND NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
1. Mendelian Inheritance
A. Mendel’s Laws:-Mendel’s experiments and reasons for success: Monohybrid cross -Law of segregation, Law of dominance, reciprocal cross, test cross, back cross; Dihybrid cross-Law of Independent Assortment, test cross, back cross.
B. Chromosome Theory of inheritance:-Boveri and Sutton’s Chromosomal theory of inheritance- support of Mendel’s law, Morgan’s experiment, non-disjunction
C. Mendelian Genetics in Humans:–Pedigree symbols – pedigree analysis – autosomal, sexlinked pattern of inheritance.
2. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance
A. Allelic Interactions - Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, over-dominance; Lethal factor; Multiple alleles- eye colour in drosophila, ABO blood group in man, coat colour in rabbit, self-incompatibility in plants; Pleiotropism.
B. Non allelic Interactions - Supplementary gene interaction, complimentary gene interaction, inhibitory gene interaction, duplicate gene interaction, polymeric gene interaction, masking gene interaction.
C. Complex Loci - R locus in maize, Rh blood group system.
3. Sex-linked inheritance and sex determination
A. Sex-Linked Inheritance in Drosophila - X-linked white eyes in Drosophila
B. Sex-linked Inheritance in Man - X-linked inheritance - colour blindness, haemophilia; Y-linked traits; XY-linked inheritance; sex-influenced traits; sex-limited traits; dosage compensation.
C. Sex Determination - Chromosomal sex- determining systems; Genic-sex determining systems; Environmental sex determination; Sex determination in Drosophila and man.
4. Genes and Environment
A. Penetrance and Expressivity - mechanisms explaining incomplete penetrance and differences in expressivity.
B. Polygenic Inheritance – Quantitative inheritance, examples - kernel colour in wheat, length of corolla in tobacco, skin colour, height, eye colour; Characteristics and analysis of polygenic traits
C. Norm of Reaction – Gene-environment interaction - eye size in Drosophila, reaction to elevation in Achillea, developmental noise.
5. Extranuclear Inheritance
A. Maternal inheritance:- shell coiling in snails, eye pigmentation in flour moth.
B. Cytoplasmic inheritance:- chloroplast inheritance -variegated four o clock plant; mitochondrial inheritance - petite in Yeast, poky strain in Neurospora, mitochondrial inheritance in humans; male sterility in plants, iojap in maize; Endosymbionts - sigma virus, spirochaetes, kappa particles, milk factors.
C. Uniparental Inheritance - streptomycin sensitivity in Chlamydomonas.
UNIT III: LINKAGE, GENE MAPPING AND CYTOGENETICS
1. Discovery of Linkage
A. Early evidence for linkage and genetic recombination:-Chromosome theory of inheritance, Morgan’s experimental crosses of white eye and miniature wings, Bateson and Punnett experiment on linkage.
B. Cytological proof of crossing over:– Stern’s experiment in Drosophila, Creighton and McClintock evidence of crossing over in Maize; Theories of crossing over, types of crossing over, factors affecting crossing over.
C. Constructing Genetic Maps - detecting linkage through test cross – linkage groups.
2. Gene mapping
A. Gene mapping with Two-point test crosses:– types of linkage, recombination frequency, significance of linkage, limitations of two-point test cross.
B. Genetic mapping with Three-point test crosses:- distance and gene order, interference, coefficient of coincidence.
C. Constructing genetic linkage maps in humans:- grandfather method, autosomal linkage.
3. Tetrad Analysis and Mitotic Crossing Over
A. Tetrad analysis in Neurospora – first and second division segregation, gene order, analysis of ordered tetrads.
B. Tetrad analysis in Yeast – analysis of unordered tetrads.
C. Mitotic crossing over –Aspergillus nidulans, twin spots in Drosophila.
4. Chromosomes
A. Chromosomes:- Morphology and Classification: Morphology - chromatid, centromere, telomere, secondary constriction, satellite, chromomere; Variation in morphologyisochromosomes, bridge-breakage-fusion bridge cycles, ring chromosomes, Robertsonian translocation; Classification – telocentric, acrocentric, submetacentric, metacentric.
B. Specialized Chromosomes:– polytene chromosomes, lamp brush chromosomes
C. Karyotype Analysis:- types of karyotype - classical, spectral; steps involved in karyotype analysis; chromosome staining and banding - formation of karyogram/ideogram.
5. Chromosome aberration
A. Variation in Chromosome number:- Euploidy - monopoid, diploid, tripoid, tetraploid (autotetraploid, allotetraploid), polyploid.
B. Variation in Chromosome number:- Aneuploidy- monosomy, trisomy, tetrasomy, double trisomy, nullisomy.
C. Variation in Chromosome structure:- translocations, inversions, deletions, duplications.
PRACTICALS BT 151 P - CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
UNIT I:
1. Preparation of Blood Smear and Differential Staining of Blood cells.
2. Isolation of Chloroplasts.
3. Chromatin Extraction and Electrophoresis
4. Study of Mitosis Stages.
5. Study of Meiosis Stages.
6. Identification of Blood Groups
7. Solving Problems on Monohybrid and Dihybrid ratios, Multiple alleles, Epistasis.
8. Pedigree Analysis and Inheritance Patterns in Man.
UNIT II:
1. Growth of Neurospora, analysis of cross and ascospore observations.
2. Solving Problems on Gene Mapping– Three-point Test Crosses,
3. Solving Problems on Tetrad Analysis
4. Study of Polyploidy in Onion Root Tips
5. Karyotyping of Normal &Abnormal Chromosome Sets in Humans
6. Preparation of Polytene Chromosomes
7. Preparation of Hordeum vulgare Karyotype
REFERENCE BOOKS 1. An introduction to Genetic Analysis by Anthony, J.F. J.A. Miller, D.T. Suzuki, R.C. Richard Lewontin, W.M-Gilbert, W.H. Freeman publication. 2. Principles of Genetics by E.J.Gardner and D.P. Snusted. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 3. The Science of Genetics, by A.G. Atherly J.R. Girton, J.F. Mcdonald, Saundern College publication 4. Principles of Genetics by R.H. Tamarin, International edtnMcGrawhill 5. Theory & problems in Genetics by Stansfield, Schaum out line series McGrawhill 6. Cell & Molecular Biology. E.D.D De Robertis & E.M.F De Robertis, Waverly publication. 7. Molecular Biology of the cell. Alberts, B; Bray, D, Lews, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K and Watson, J.D. Garland publishers, Oxford 8. Molecular Cell Biology Lodish, H., Baltimore, D; Fesk, A., Zipursky S.L., Matsudaride, P. and Darnel American Scientific Books. W.H. Freeman, NewYork 9. Cell and molecular biology by Gerald Karp, Wiley 10. The cell: a molecular approach by Goeffrey Cooper and Robert Hausmann.
SEMESTER - I THEORY PAPER - II BT 102 T- BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
1. Course Objectives (C. Obj.):
a. To learn the basics of chemistry related to biomolecules
b. To understand the carbohydrate metabolism
c. To comprehend metabolism of lipids, nucleic acids and amino acids & to learn cellular signaling processes
2. Course Outcomes (C.O):
a. Understanding the basics about bio-molecules, bio-energetics and enzymology
b. Comprehending the carbohydrate metabolism and networks
c. Critically understanding biosynthesis of lipids nucleic acids and amino acids and how cells communicate and carryout physiological processes
COURSE PLAN
UNIT I: BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES, PROTEINS AND ENZYMES
1. Carbohydrates
A. Aldoses & Ketoses, Classification of monosaccharides
B. Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
C. Glycoconjugates – Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins, Glycolipids
2. Amino acids & Proteins
A. Structure, Classification, & Properties of Amino acids
B. Primary, secondary & tertiary structure of Proteins, Ramchandran’s plot
C. Techniques for studying protein structure: X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy
3. Lipids, Vitamins & Pigments
A. Classification of lipids, Storage lipids – Fatty acids and Triacylglycerols
B. Structural Lipids – Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Sphingolipids, Sterols
C. Vitamins – Vitamin A, D, E & K; Pigments
4. Components of enzymes and classification of enzymes
A. Structure and components of enzymes
B. Classification of enzymes
C. Properties of enzymes
5. Michaelis-Menten equation and its applications
A. Derivation of Michaelis-Menten equation
B. Lineweaver-Burke plots
C. Enzyme kinetics for different types of inhibitors
UNIT II: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
1. Glucose Metabolism
A. Glycolysis and its regulation
B. Gluconeogenesis and its regulation, Cori cycle
C. Pentose phosphate pathway, Entner-Doudoroff pathway
2. Tricarboxylic acid Cycle
A. Reactions of Tricarboxylic acid Cycle
B. Regulation of Tricarboxylic acid Cycle
C. Glyoxylate pathway and its regulation
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
A. Components of electron transport chain
B. Q – cycle, Coenzyme Q significance
C. Mechanism of ATP Synthase activity
4. Glycogen metabolism
A. Glycogenesis - process and function
B. Glycogenolysis - process and function
C. Regulation of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
5. Photosynthesis
A. Components and functions of Light reactions (PSII & PSI)
B. C3 or Calvin cycle and its significance; Photorespiration
C. C4 pathway and CAM pathway & their advantages
UNIT III: FATTY ACID, AMINO ACID AND NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
1. Fatty acid metabolism
A. Beta oxidation, Fatty acid biosynthesis
B. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
C. Cholesterol metabolism
2. Amino acid metabolism
A. Protein degradation and catabolism of amino acids
B. Urea cycle and its significance
C. Biosynthesis of Amino acids
3. Nucleotide metabolism
A. Purine biosynthesis
B. Pyrimidine biosynthesis
C. Degradation pathways of nucleotides
4. Components and reactions of signal transduction
A. Types of signal transduction: autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling
B. Components of signaling pathways: Adapters and Secondary messengers
C. Biochemical reactions in cellular signaling: Phosphorylation,Ubiqutination and Acetylation
5. Signaling Pathways
A. G-protein coupled receptor pathway-Structure of G proteins,GTPases)
B. Signaling pathways of receptor tyrosine kinases
C. Wnt (Canonical and non-canonical pathways) and Notch signaling pathways
PRACTICALS BT 152 P - BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT I:
1. Preparation of buffers and measurement of pH
2. Qualitative tests for sugars
3. Qualitative tests for amino acids
4. Qualitative tests for lipids
5. Paper chromatography
6. Column chromatography
7. Estimation of amylase activity
UNIT II:
1. Isolation and estimation of protein
2. Analysis of protein using SDS-PAGE.
3. Detection of protein phosphorylation.
4. Estimation of cholesterol.
5. Estimation of LDH levels
6. Starch gel electrophoresis
7. Estimation of chlorophyll content in plant sample.
8. Measurement of respiratory quotient
REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Lehninger's principles of Biochemistry (David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox) 2. Biochemistry (Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, LubertStryer) 3. Biochemistry:-By: Rex Montgomery. 4. Harper’s Biochemistry. By: Robert K. Murray. 5. Enzymes. By: Trevor Palmer. 6. Enzyme structure and mechanism By: AlanFersht 7. Principles of Biochemistry. By: Donald J. Voet, Judith G.Voet, Charlotte W.Pratt 8. Analytical Biochemistry By Cooper 9. Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Edited by Keith Wilson and John Walker 10. Experimental Biochemistry: A Student Companion by Sashidhar Beedu 11. Practical Biochemistry By Plummer 12. Molecular biology of the cell. New York: Garland Science [Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis,J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2002)].
THEORY PAPER - III BT 103 T - MICROBIOLOGY
1. Course Objectives (C.Obj):
a. To learn about the general characteristics of microorganisms, microscopy,sterilization and containment
b. To learn about general characteristics of bacteria; bacterial isolation, growth,culturing and preservation
c. To learn about viruses and their general characteristics
2. Course Outcomes (C.O):
a. Understanding the basics of microbiology and microbial classification
b. Critical understanding of identification, isolation and culture of different bacteria and know how to preserve them
c. Knowledge of general characters, isolation, detection and culturing of viruses
COURSE PLAN
UNIT I: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROORGANISMS
l. General Microbiology
A. Historical perspective, Scope & relevance of Microbiology
B. Microscopy and its applications - Principles and working of Bright field, Fluorescent, Phase Contrast and Electron microscopes
C. Classification of microorganisms; Diversity of microorganisms – Bacteria, Mycobacteria & Mycoplasma, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Virus
2. Control of microorganisms
A. Disinfection, Antisepsis and Sterilization and their applications
B. Methods of sterilization - dry heat, moist heat, radiation methods, filtration methods, chemical methods
C. Sterilization at industrial level – Steam sterilization, Flash sterilization, Low temperature sterilization, Gas sterilization
3. Containment and antimicrobial agents
A. Concept of Containment facility – Primary and Secondary containment; Biosafety Levels
B. Types of antimicrobial agents – Sulfonamides, Antibiotics (Penicillin, Cephalosporin etc.)
C. Development of microbial resistance to various antimicrobial agents; types of mechanisms
4. Preservation of microbial cultures
A. Principles of preservation of microbial cultures
B. Methods of preservation of microbial cultures- repeated subculturing, preservation at low temperature, Sterile soil preservation, mineral oil preservation, deep freezing, Liquid nitrogen preservation, freeze-drying (lyophilization)
C. Importance of preservation of microbial cultures in industry
5. General characters of Algae, Fungi, Protozoa
A. General characteristics of Algae (Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta) ; Economic importance of Algae (agriculture, industry, medicine)
B. General characteristics of Fung (Phycomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes); Economic importance of Fungi; Pathogenic Fungi (Humans)
C. General characteristics of Protozoa; Entamoeba and Plasmodium as human pathogens
UNIT II: BACTERIA AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
1. General characters & Identification of Bacteria
A. General characters of Bacteria
B. Identification of bacteria – conventional methods - simple staining, differential staining, structural staining, Special staining methods
C. Molecular approaches for bacterial identification – PCR & Genome sequence based
2. Isolation of bacteria
A. General methods for isolation of bacteria - Serial dilution technique
B. Plating methods – Pour plate method, Spread plate & Streak plate techniques
C. Membrane filter technique
3. Cultivation and Growth of bacteria
A. Bacterial growth - typical growth curve - batch and continuous cultures, synchronous cultures
B. Measurement of bacterial growth- measurement of cell number and cell mass
C. Factors influencing bacterial growth- temperature, pH, water activity, Oxygen concentration, salt concentration, pressure and radiation
4. Pure cultures of bacteria
A. Concept of pure culture, methods of pure culture
B. Enrichment culturing techniques, Single cell isolation
C. Pure culture development
5. Microbial diseases & diagnosis
A. Diseases caused by bacteria in humans - Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Infectious disease and their transmission - Air, Water, Vector-Borne, Food-Borne, Zoo- Borne
C. Different diagnostic tests for different microorganisms - WIDAL, CAMP, CLO, ALA, Salt Broth test, Acetate Utilization Test, Bile Solubility Test
UNIT III: VIRUSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
l. General characters & Classification
A. History of Virology
B. General characteristics, classification and nomenclature of viruses
C. Importance of Viruses in Biotechnology
2. Bacteriophages
A. Structure & Replication of Bacteriophage (T2)
B. Characteristics & importance of M13 phage
C. Lambda phage - Lytic and Lysogenic cycles
3. Isolation, purification & detection of viruses
A. Isolation and Purification of viruses by Filtration
B. Isolation and Purification of viruses by Precipitation and Centrifugation
C. Detection of viruses: physical, biological, immunological and serological methods
4. Cultivation of viruses
A. Purpose of cultivation of viruses
B. Methods of cultivation of viruses
C. Cell culture method - animal cell inoculation & chick embryo
5. Structure & characteristics of important viruses
A. Structure and characteristics of plant viruses - TMV, CaMV, RTBV
B. Structure and characteristics of Hepatitis virus, Polio virus, HIV
C. Structure and characteristics of Corona and Influenza viruses
PRACTICALS BT 153 P - MICROBIOLOGY
UNIT I:
1. General instructions of microbiology laboratory; Microscopic observation
2. Preparation of microbiological media – minimal media, basic media
3. Preparation of enriched media, enrichment media, differential media
4. Preparation of fungal culture media – potato dextrose agar
5. Sterilization of media – autoclave, filtration
6. Staining techniques for bacteria – Simple staining
7. Staining techniques for bacteria – Gram’s staining
8. Staining techniques for fungi – Lactophenol Cotton blue staining
UNIT II:
1. Isolation & identification of pure culture of bacteria
2. Preservation & maintenance of pure cultures of microbes – slant & stab cultures
3. Culturing of microbes – tube culture, flask culture, shake flask culture
4. Study of bacterial growth curve
5. Bacterial antibiotic sensitivity analysis
6. Isolation and culture of fungi/algae
7. Inoculation of virus in chick embryo
REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Microbiology by M.J. Pelzar, E.S.N. Cfan and N.R. Kreig, McGraw Hill Publ. 2. Introductory Microbiology by J. Heritage, E.G.V. Erans, R.A. Killington, Cambridge 3. University Press. 4. General Microbiology by H.G.Schlegel Cambridge University Press. 5. General Microbiology by Stanier, R.Y, J.L. Ingrahm, M.L. Wheel is & P.R. Painter. 6. Microbiology– Concepts and Application. John Wiley and Sons, New York
SEMESTER - I THEORY PAPER - IV BT 104 T- STATISTICS, LABORATORY MANAGEMENT & SAFETY, ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. Course Objectives (C.Obj.):
a. To understand the significance ofsampling & data alignment & to understand the concept of applying appropriate test statistics
b. To learn about Laboratory Management & Safety
c. To know the importance of Entrepreneurship
2. Course Outcomes (C.O):
a. Learn to estimate appropriate descriptive measures for a data in a given study and Design & help in derive inferences based on the statistical comparisons
b. Comprehension about Good laboratory practice Laboratory Management & Safety
c. Acquire Knowledge and Concepts of Entrepreneurship
COURSE PLAN
UNIT I: BIOSTATISTICS
1. Introduction to Biostatistics
A. Population and Sample, Random sample, methods of sampling, sampling bias, sample size
B. Types of Study designs
C. Data and Types of variables, Levels/scales of variables
2. Descriptive analysis of data
A. Data alignment and representation,
B. Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
C. Measures of dispersion (Range, standard deviation, mean deviation, variance, Coefficient of variation), Skewness and Kurtosis
3. Probability
A. Concept of probability, Types of events, Laws of probability (Addition and multiplication laws)
B. Bayes theorem and its applications
C. Probability distributions: Features and applications ofBinomial, Poisson and Normal Distribution
4. Tests of Hypothesis
A. Null and alternate hypothesis, test of significance, p-value, Type I and Type II errors, confidence intervals and confidence levels
B. Test statistics: Z test (for proportions and means), t-test (students t-test, paired t test)
C. Analysis of categorical data: Chi-square test (test for goodness of fit, homogeneity test, linkage, test of independence); non-parametric tests
5. Multivariate analysis
A. Analysis of variance - One way and Two-way Anova (F- test)
B. Correlation analysis (Simple and multiple correlation, methods of correlation, Coefficient of correlation (r), Pearson’s correlation, Spearman’s Correlation)
C. Regression analysis (simple and multiple regressions, linear and curvi-linear regression, logistic regression)
UNIT II: LABORATORY MANAGEMENT & SAFETY
1. Administration of Laboratories
A. Administration of Laboratories, Laboratory design, Security measures
B. Laboratory bio security concepts
C. LaboratoryInformation management system (LIMS)
2. Laboratory safety
A. Laboratory safety- good laboratory practices (GLP), Lab safety rules
B. Biosafety levels – BSL1, BSL2, BSL3, BSL4
C. Laboratory Safety policies – Policy statement, Policy intention, Policy implementation
3. Quality control and Quality assurance
A. Basic principles of quality control (QC)
B. Basic principles of quality assurance (QA)
C. Importance of Quality control and Quality assurance in industry
4. Handling of hazardous material
A. Handling of hazardous chemical compounds – corrosive solvents, toxics, explosives, flammable liquids, irritants, carcinogens, toxic gases
B. Handling of radioactive materials – radioactive hazard, protective wear, safety measures
C. Handling of biological hazardous materials – bacterial & fungal strains
5. Storage & disposal of hazardous material
A. Storage of hazardous materials
B. Disposal of biological hazardous materials
C. Disposal of radioactive materials
UNIT III: ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. Concept of Entrepreneurship
A. Concept, definition of Entrepreneur, Characteristics of Entrepreneur
B. Concept, definition, functions of Entrepreneurship, Process of Entrepreneurship
C. Entrepreneurship training and education
2. Types of Startups
A. Concept of Startups, Factors affecting Startups
B. Advantages of Startups
C. Types of Startups, Successful Startups
3. Types of Entrepreneurship
A. Types of Entrepreneurship
B. Entrepreneurship resources and financing
C. Process of Entrepreneural development
4. Product planning and development
A. Product planning and development - Project management,Search for business idea
B. Concept of Projects, Project identification, Formulation, Design and network analysis
C. Project report and project appraisal
5. Bio-entrepreneurship & Plagiarism
A. Importance of Bio-entrepreneurship
B. Promoting Bio-entrepreneurship
C. Plagiarism ; Plagiarism checking tools
PRACTICALS BT 154 P - BIOSTATISTICS
UNIT I: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1. Preparation of cross tabs, Construction of bar graphs, histogram, frequency polygon, pie diagram, box plot, scatter plot and data interpretation
2. Estimation of Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation, Variance, coefficient of variation and standard error for grouped and ungrouped data
3. Problems on probability
4. Problems on Binomial and Poisson distributions 5. Problems on Normal distribution
6. Calculation of correlation coefficient
7. Problems on linear Regression, calculation of slope from linear regression graph, Analysis of Logistic regression
8. Estimation of Sample size
UNIT II: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
1. Fisher Z transformation
2. Hypothesis testing: Z test for means, Z test for proportions
3. Hypothesis testing using t-test: Paired t-test, Unpaired t-test
4. Hypothesis testing using Chi-square test: Goodness of fit, test of independence, 2 X 2 contingency, m X n contingency
5. Hypothesis testing using F test: Problems on one-way ANOVA
6. Hypothesis testing using F test: Problems on two-way ANOVA
7. Data analysis using MS Excel
REFERENCE BOOKS 1. Quantitative Genetics By Falconer 2. Biostatistics By Vishweswara Rao 3. Biostatistics By Khan and Khanum 4. Fundamentals of Biostatistics By P.H. Rao and Janardhan 5. Population Genetics By V. Venugopal and Pratibha Nallari 6. Biostatistical Methods in Agriculture Biology and Medicine By Khan and Khanum 7. Guides to entrepreneurship in biotechnology by P. Ponnumurugan, J Robinson and B. Kalpana 8. Guidelines for entrepreneurship development program for biotechnology graduates by P. Ponnumurugan and Nithya. B 9. CRC handbook of laboratory safety by A. Keith Furr