Panel 0 - Introduction
Beatrix Hoffman, “Republicans Avoiding Real Issue,” The Daily Collegian, March 28, 1986, Group 45 Series 80: Student Body Social Action Groups (Except ALANA/RSU), Folder R4, Republican Club, University of Massachusetts (1983), University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA).
Robert Surbrug, “The Central American Solidarity Movement in Massachusetts: 1980–1990,” in Beyond Vietnam: The Politics of Protest in Massachusetts, 1974-1990, (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009), 171-208.
Panel 1 - US Imperialism in Central America
John H. Coatsworth, “The Cold War in Central America, 1975-1991,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 221.
The civilian death count is conservative in these reports. The report on El Salvador did not include state violence or killings against civilians prior to the 1980s. The report on Guatemala focused on violence between 1962 to 1994, omitting the bloody aftermath of the 1954 US-backed coup. It seems that the killings against guerrillas were not included in these reports. The report on El Salvador only mentioned guerrilla casualties once when it cited a press report about a specific government confrontation with the FMLN. But the press source did not know the number of guerrilla casualties, see United Nations Truth Commission, From Madness to Hope, 49. Guatemala, memoria del silencio (Informe de la Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Guatemala City, 1999) 42.
Augusto Cesár Sandino, “Manifesto to Nicaraguan Compatriots, Circa July 14, 1927,” in The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921-1934, ed. Sergio Ramírez and Robert Edgar Conrad (Princeton: Princeton University, 1990), 81.
Aviva Chomsky, Central America’s Forgotten History: Revolution, Violence, and the Roots of Migration (Boston: Beacon Press, 2021)
Peter Winn, Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of New Imperialism, (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2006).
Panel 2 - US War in Nicaragua
See the Report of the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, The Kissinger Report (Washington: US Government Printing Office, January 1984), 30. The report is also quoted in Thomas W. Walker and Christine J. Wade, Nicaragua: Emerging from the Shadow of the Eagle, sixth edition (New York: Routledge, 2016), 96.
Coatsworth, “The Cold War in Central America, 1975-1991,” 210-215.
The number of contra war deaths is conservative because it does not include the death count during the longer war against the US-backed Somoza dictatorship. Walker and Wade, Nicaragua, 146.
Historian quoted in Walker and Wade, Nicaragua, 226.
Invasion estimate cited in Walker and Wade, Nicaragua, 117.
Panel 3a - The Fight for Revolutionary Change
José Manuel Fernández Fernández, “Campesinos in Search of a Different Future” in The Guatemala Reader: History, Culture, Politics, ed. Greg Grandin et al., (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011), 311–18.
Diana Sierra Becerra, The Making of Revolutionary Feminism in El Salvador (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
Rosa Rivera Rivera, zoom interview, UMass, Amherst, September 19, 2024.
Panel 3b - How Campesina & Peasant Women led the Revolution
Diana Sierra Becerra, “For Our Total Emancipation: The Making of Revolutionary Feminism in Insurgent El Salvador, 1977-1987,” in Making the Revolution: Histories of the Latin American Left, ed. Kevin Young (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Diana Sierra Becerra, The Making of Revolutionary Feminism in El Salvador.
Maritza, interviewed by Diana Sierra Becerra, Perquín, Morazán, September 2014. Also see: https://www.dwherstories.com/timeline/the-salvadoran-revolution-tackles-domestic-work?prev=/search?q=nicaragua.
Panel 5 - Defining Solidarity with Central America in the United States
A Nicaraguan mother, unnamed, quoted in Aviva Chomsky, Central America’s Forgotten History: Revolution, Violence, and The Roots of Migration (Boston: Beacon Press, 2021), 169.
Chomsky, Central America’s Forgotten History, 167-185.
Van Gosse, “‘The North American Front’: Central American Solidarity in the Reagan Era” in Reshaping the US Left: Popular Struggles in the 1980s, eds., Mike Davis and Michael Sprinker (New York: Verso, 1988), 11-49.
An example of activists imposing economic costs on their opponents can be found in Kevin A. Young, “‘The Oligarchy Went Mad’: The Boycott of Salvadoran Coffee, 1989-1992” (unpublished manuscript, January 18, 2024,) 1-30.
Panel 5a - Infographic Solidarity Movement (Photographs)
David Wettengel, Frank Bowrys speech at Student Union, April 24, 1989. People for a Socially Responsible University (PSRU) Records (RG 45/80 P5). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
David Wettengel, UMass student protester, 1989. People for a Socially Responsible University (PSRU) Records (RG 45/80 P5). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
David Wettengel, UMass student protesters holding up sign, April 24, 1989. People for a Socially Responsible University (PSRU) Records (RG 45/80 P5). Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
Panel 6 - UMass Complicity in War and Empire
Fiona Bautista, “New UMass Group Works to Oust Raytheon From Campus,” The Shoestring, August 1, 2023, https://theshoestring.org/2023/08/01/new-umass-group-works-to-oust-raytheon-from-campus/.
Campus Chronicle, “The November CIA Protest: A Summary of the Action,” December 5, 1986, Group 45 Series 101: Student Protests and Demonstrations - CIA Recruitment, Folder 3, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA).
Dollars & Sense, “War Research Returns to Campus,” September 1982, Box 7 MS 309 Peacemakers Records, 1963-90 Series 2: Subject Files A - Dec, Folder 84, Campus Connections with Military, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA).
Marc Kenen, “‘Moral Bullies’ Set to Fight,” The Daily Collegian, February 17, 1987, Group 45 Series 101: Student Protests and Demonstrations - CIA Recruitment, Folder 3, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA).
Don Lipper, “CIA Protester Found Guilty on Assault and Battery Charge,” The Daily Collegian, February 20, 1987, Group 45 Series 101: Student Protests and Demonstrations - CIA Recruitment, Folder 3, University of Massachusetts Amherst Special Collections and University Archives (SCUA).
Dan McGlynn, “Records: UMass Encampment Crackdown Cost over $100,000,” The Shoestring, October 24, 2024, https://theshoestring.org/2024/10/24/records-umass-encampment-crackdown-cost-over-100000/.
Anthony Paik, Email to author (Nicholas Speranza), November 1, 2024.
“Picketing Code,” University of Massachusetts Amherst Dean of Students Office - Campus Policies, February 2005, https://www.umass.edu/dean_students/campus-policies/picketing-code.
Craig Sandler, “Demonstration Prevents CIA Session,” The Daily Collegian, November 14, 1986, Internet Archive.
Benjamin Sasway, “Ben Sasway Begins 30 Month Jail Term,” The New Indicator, May 7, 1985, UCSD Student Newspapers: The New Indicator, UC San Diego Library Digital Collections.
Panel 7 - Money for Tuition, Not Ammunition
Protest chants quoted in "Demonstration prevents CIA session,” The Daily Collegian (Amherst, MA), Nov. 4, 1986; "Conservatives, radicals crash at demonstration,” The Daily Collegian (Amherst, MA), Dec. 7, 1987.
For anti-CIA recruitment and the protests that followed, see “CIA recruitment ignites protests,” The Daily Collegian (Amherst, MA), Nov. 15, 1986.
For anti-ROTC recruitment, see “The Case Against ROTC: An R-H New American Movement Report,” New American Movement, circa 1981, Box 11, Folder 17, RSU Series 2: Subject Files, Mental Health-Peace, UMass Amherst Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst WEB Du Bois Library.
For the full extent of anti-ROTC recruitment in the 1980s, see Box 11, Folder 17, RSU Series 2: Subject Files, Mental Health-Peace, UMass Amherst Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst WEB Du Bois Library.
Statistic of 80% new active-duty officers originating from the ROTC in Kim McDonald, “Pentagon Boosts Financial Support for ROTC,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (Washington D.C.), September 1981.
For anti-weapons manufacturing and UMass’ complicity in the “war machine”, see “No Business as Usual” flyer, 1985, Box 11, Folder 16, RSU Series 2: Subject Files, Mental Health-Peace, UMass Amherst Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst WEB Du Bois Library.
7a - Timeline of Tactics
For Dr. Charles’ Clements’ visit to campus, see “The War in Central America is Spreading: Come Find Out Why!,” 29 April 1983, Box 45, Folder 4, University of Massachusetts Amherst Student Organizations Records, UMass Amherst Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst WEB Du Bois Library.
For interview with filmmaker Pamela Yates, see Bedatri D. Choudhury, “Interview: Pamela Yates, Co-Director of When the Mountains Tremble,” Sundance Institute, March 1, 2024, https://www.sundance.org/blogs/interview-pamela-yates-co-director-of-when-the-mountains-tremble
For the die-in outside of the Student Union, see “Antiwar Rally at UMass Amherst,” The Boston Globe (Boston, MA), April 30, 1985.
For the No Business as Usual demonstration and encampment, see Laura Koester, “Strike on campus protests arms race,“ The Daily Collegian (Amherst, MA), April 30, 1985.
For the delegations between UMass and UEL, see Todd Goldberg, “CASA Brings El Salvador to UMass,” The Daily Collegian (Amherst, MA), Nov. 19, 1987.
Pedro M. Periera, “CASA Members Ask for Academic Support,” The Daily Collegian (Amherst, MA), Jan. 30, 1987.
For the screening of El Salvador: the People Will Win, see Latin Americans celebrate, 6 April 1987, Box 45, Folder 1, University of Massachusetts Amherst Student Organizations Records, UMass Amherst Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst WEB Du Bois Library.
For the Memorial Hall Occupation and arrests, see "35 Umass protesters arrested to end sit-in,” The Hampshire Gazette (Amherst, MA), April 30, 1989.
Panel 8 - The Radical Student Union
“RSU Logo,” Flyer. October 31, 1985. Box 1, Folder 20 in RSU Records,Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
“RSU Constitution.” Flyer. October 1, 1985. Box 1, folder 8, in RSU Records Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
“RSU and PSN (Progressive Student Network) Contacts,” in Box 13, folders 4-5, in RSU Records Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Panel 9 - The Necessity Defense
Weinglass quoted in "The Triumph of Necessity," in The Valley Advocate (April 20, 1987), 6.
Seth Kershner, “Putting the CIA on Trial: The Rise and Fall of Anti-recruiting Protests in the 1980s” (unpublished manuscript, December 6, 2021), 1-30.
Several expert testimonies provided in “The CIA on Trial,” Radical UMass, https://websites.umass.edu/radicalumass/histories-of-radical-actions-at-umass/the-cia-on-trial/.
Zinn's testimony provided in “Zinn Testifies at the Trial of CIA Protesters,” HowardZinn.org, https://www.howardzinn.org/collection/testimony-trial-cia-protesters/.
Clark's testimony quoted from Matthew L. Wald, “Amy Carter Tells Court She Sat in Road to Stop C.I.A. Crimes,” The New York Times (April 14, 1987), 17, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000707070002-2.pdf.
Panel 9a - Timeline of the CIA on Trial
Student petition quoted in Kershner, “Putting the CIA on Trial: The Rise and Fall of Anti-recruiting Protests in the 1980s,” 9.
Student protestor quoted in Autumn Maki, “Students Will Protest against CIA,” Collegian, (November 13, 1986), 1, https://archive.org/embed/massachuse19861987univ.
Weinglass quoted in Carolyn Lumsden, “Carter, Hoffman Vow to Review CIA in Trial,” The Boston Globe, January 8, 1987, 22.
Read more about the “UMass 57” in Dan McGlynn, “Putting Raytheon on Trial: Arrested UMass Students Channel University’s Radical History,” The Shoestring (January 20, 2024), https://theshoestring.org/2024/02/20/putting-raytheon-on-trial-arrested-umass-students-channel-universitys-radical-history/.
Panel 10 - Boycott of Salvadoran Coffee
“Campaign to Boycott Salvadoran Coffee Was Part of the Grand Rapids Central American Solidarity Movement in the Early 1990,” Grand Rapids People’s History Project, September 17, 2015, https://grpeopleshistory.org/2015/09/17/campaign-to-boycott-salvadoran-coffee-was-part-of-the-grand-rapids-central-american-solidarity-movement-in-the-early-1990s/
Eli Il Young Lee, “The History of the Salvadoran Coffee Boycott,” (San Francisco: Neighbor to Neighbor, 1992).
Kevin A. Young, “‘The Oligarchy Went Mad’: The Boycott of Salvadoran Coffee, 1989–1992,” (University of Massachusetts Amherst, January, 2024), 1-30.
Panel 11 - Churches Grant Aslyum
“About – the Sanctuary Movement,” Amherst.edu, 2020, https://sanctuary.wordpress.amherst.edu/about/.
Aviva Chomsky, Central America's Forgotten History: Revolution, Violence, and the Roots of Migration, (Boston: Beacon Press, 2021).
Danielle Haley, “UMass Students and Staff Join Nationwide Walkout to Demand ‘Sanctuary Campus,’” Amherst Wire, 2016, https://amherstwire.com/18118/current-affairs/umass-students-and-staff-join-nationwide-walkout-to-demand-sanctuary-campus/.
Harry Ortof, “Not Here, Not Now, Not This Family,” Amherst Wire, 2020, https://amherstwire.com/32990/current-affairs/not-here-not-now-not-this-family/.
Norma Stoltz et al., “The Sanctuary Movement and Central American Activism in Los Angeles,” Latin American Perspectives, Issue 169, Vol. 36 No. 6 (2009): 103-106.
Robert Surbrug, “The Central American Solidarity Movement In Massachusetts: 1980-1990,” In Beyond Vietnam: The Politics of Protests in Massachusetts, University of Massachusetts Press, 2009, 171-208. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vk16h.10
Surburg, Beyond Vietnam, 171–208.
“Town Issues Statement Reaffirming Amherst’s Status as a Sanctuary City,” Amherst Indy, November 16, 2024, https://www.amherstindy.org/2024/11/15/town-issues-statement-reaffirming-amhersts-status-as-a-sanctuary-city/.