BUILDINGS

• A building is a habitable structure or construction of more or less permanent nature.

• The process of designing and constructing a commercial or residential building does not just comments or rightly thetherelre are many crucial factors and stages involved that will enable you to have the perfect or ideal building that fits your lifestye

1. Define your reason or purpose for situating your plan on the site.

2. Location and accessibility

• Endevour to know the address and every piece of vital informations about the place the site is situated

• Access the sites proximity to the row I was transportation system airport and other infrastructure that will help to is things for the purpose building occupants.

3. Access to utility and raw materials

• For any constructions are building projects to be successful it must be electricity water supply health care shopping mall good waste disposal system and so on.

• Another vital sector you should consider is the proximity to the raw materials that will be used for the planning or construction.

4. Knowing your competitors

• If a commercial building is what you are planning on the site you need to study the locality and no those who will likely be your competitors.

5. Study the building land surrounding the site

• The surrounding land and or building can adversely affect your planning if proper care is not taken 

6. Landscape size shape and topography

• This four factors must be thoroughly considered knowing the size and shape will enable you to effectively get a plan that fits perfectly.

7. Security and nature of the neighbourhood

• The protection of lives and properties is very crucial in any residential area

8. Law and finance

• After gathering enough information about the site and its environment, endeavour to make findings of the laws or  rules that guides the activities of operating in the locality.

9. Know the soil type

• Different types of soil can be situated on a particular site and see you must pay educate attentions to the soil that is obtainable on your side and determine if it's ideal for construction.

10. Weather conditions

• Every  locations has a weather condition pickle or it you must determine the weather conditions of your site before starting any plan. 

11. Natural features

• The gift of nature offers values and aesthetics to a site when its properly utilized

The real meaning and purpose of setting out (layout) is to transfer the plan, length and width of its foundation on the ground so that the foundation can. be excavated for construction of purposed buildings per drawing preliminary works should be executed before actual planning of layout for the house

• Clear the site from all grass, bushes, trees, etc.

• Record spot levels of the ground

• Construct a permanent bench mark in construction area

For setting out/layout the most important requirement is two establish a baseline this is marked on the ground as per site plan requirement with the help of offsets which are taken from the existing Road or existing building.

Central line divides the plan into 2 equal parts this can be marked in the field with the help of baseline.

According to the National building code of India 1970 based on occupancy the building are classified as

Buildings used for residential purpose and should facilitate activities such as sleeping leaving cooking example family residential apartments flats and private garage lodging or roaming houses private dwellings dormitories apartment houses flats hotels studio apartment cooperative buildings bungalow linked houses detached dwelling

These includes any building used for school college or day care purpose.

These includes any building or part there of which is used for purpose such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental in less disease or infinity care of infants convalescent.

These includes any building where a group of people congregate gather for announcement recreation social religious patriotic civil and similar purpose.

These include any building that is used for transactions of business for keeping records and similar purpose .

This include any building that is used for the shops stores markets for display on sale merchandise either wholesale or retail.

These includes any building in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated assembled or proceed.

These includes any building used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods wears or merchandises vehicles or animals . 

Any building which is used for the storage handling manufacture or processing of highly combustible or explosive material .

The architecture of religious buildings differ with religion example temple Church mosque etc. 

The plinth area is the covered belt of area measured at the floor level of any storey or at the floor level of the basement the plinth area is there for the covered winter area that is measured at the floor level of any storey of building. 

The carpet area is the covered area of the usable species of rooms on any floor so the basic definition of carpet area would be the area of property inside the external walls. 

Floor space index FSI gives us the index that how much area which is covered can be constructed on a plot. 

FSI equals to total area covered on all floors divided by plot area this is generally decides by the local government bodies FSI varies from place to place and types of building FSI controls buildings vertical growth and living situations in metro cities lesson FSI means less than control population residence density in area.

When planning to construct a property it is imperative to thoroughly understand the term building by laws to dodge future conflicts building by laws are a set of rules which under the construction of a building needs to take place the rules regulate can verge architectural design and safety measures to protect buildings against natural disaster such as earthquakes and hazardous such as fire as well as structural failure. 

• Ensure uniform development of buildings in society town and present hazard development.

• Affirm public safety against noise fire health hazards .

• Ensure optimum utilization of space.

• Follow approaches which safeguard complete health safety and comfort of residents such as proper ventilation light.

Building by laws include norms related to the following 

• floor area ratio (FAR) and ground coverage 

• Density 

• Basement and parking spaces 

• Set backs and projections 

• Area and its usage 

• Building height and other service spaces 

• Provision for lifts and basement area 

• Site design 

• Building line

1. Green building and sustainable provisions 

2. Provisions for disabled elderly and children 

3. Structural safety and security :-Includes disaster management guidelines for different building type

4. High rise building regulation 

5. Swachh Bharat mission 

6. Rain water harvesting 

7. Conservation of heritage sites 

8. Special requirements for occupancy/land development 

9. Ease of doing business:- Introduce provisions for outline building plan approval process generation of reports/ approval building plan approval.

1. Classifying the building with unit as a family and mentioning the requirements 

2. Classify the rooms according to use and then specifying minimum standards of each room with respect to size, height, floor area etc. 

3. Specifying height of compound wall and locations of compound wall gates.

4.  Controlling height of structure sand line maximum limit of height in certain zone.

5.  Controlling projections in marginal spaces.

6.  insisting or suitable FSI or FAR.

• Sun is a source of heat and natural light .

• Sun influences the physical and mental health of the people. 

• Sun rays causes powerful bacterial property.

• Sun rays supplement ventilation by heating the air and causing convective currents.

•  No growth of vegetation is possible in the absence of the Sun.

Ventilation maybe simply define as a process of removing here by natural or mechanical means two and from an air source or any space .

• To prevent flammable concentration of gas vapour or dust in case of industrial buildings .

• To maintain condition suitable to the contents of the shape.

• To prevent an undeve concentration of body odors, dust and other industrial products.

•  To prevent and undue concentration of bacteria carrying particles.

• Natural ventilation supply of outside air into a building through windows.

• Mechanical ventilation system of ventilation the outside air is supply into a building .

The roof forms the top most component of a building structure it covers the top face of the building.

Parapet  are short walls extended about the roof slab 

Lintels are constructed above the wall opening like those windows etc

Beams and slabs beams and slabs form the horizontal members in a building for a single story building the top slap forms the roof in case of a multi story building the beam transfer the load causing from the floor above the slab which is in then transferred to the columns.

 Columns are vertical members constructed about the ground level.

DPC is a layer of water proofing material applied on the basement level to prevent the rice of surface water into the walls.

Walls are verticals element which support the roof .

The floors is the surface laid as the plinth level.

A stair is a sequence of steps that connects different floor in a building structure.

The Plinth is constructed above the ground level. 

Concrete is a brittle material and a strong in compression it is weak in tension so still is used inside concrete for strengthening and reinforcing the tensile strength of concrete.

1. It should be capable of resisting expected tensile compressive bending and shear force.

2. It should not show excessive deflection any spoil serviceability requirement.

3. There should be proper cover to the reinforcement, show that corrosion is prevented.

4. The hair crack developed should be within the permissible limit.

5. It is a good fire resistant material. 

1. RCC is used as a structure element the common structure elements in the building where RCC is used are:-

• Footing 

• Column 

• Beam and lintels 

• Roof and slabs 

• Stairs

2. RCC is  used for the construction of storage stress like

• Water tank 

• Dams

• Silos and bunkers 

• Beams

3. It is used for the construction of big structural like

• Bridges 

• Retaining wall 

• Docks and harbours 

• Underwater structure

4. It is used for pre-casting like

• Railway sleepers 

• Electric poles

5. RCC is used for constructing tall structures like

• Multi storey buildings 

• Chimneys 

• Towers

6. It is used for passing like

• Roads

• Airports

1. High compression strength

2.  It has better resistance to fire then steel

3. It has a long service five with low maintenance cost 

4. In some type of structures such as dance floating it is most economical structure material

5.  It can be cast to take the shape required making it widely used in precast structural components 

6. It yields rigid members with minimum apparent deflections 

7. By using Steel cross sectional dimension of structure member can be reduced

1. It needs mixing casting and curing all of which affect the final strength of concrete. 

2. The cast of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high .

3. It has low compressor strength as compared to Steel which leads to large sections in columns beams of multistory buildings cracks development concrete due to shrinkage and the application of line loads.

Foundation is the lower portion of the building usually located below the ground level which transmits the load of the superstructure to the sub soil foundations may be defined as the part of a structure which transmits low directly to a underline soil and over safety .

1. Shallow Foundation

2. Deep Foundation

The ratio of depth of foundation and with of the following is less than or equal to 1 it will be called as shallow foundation otherwise deep foundation.

Shallow foundations shallows foundation b are used when surface sales are sufficiently strong and if two support the imposed load.

• It is an individual single isolated or independent column floating

• This is an independent putting provided to support as individual column

• This footing may be circular square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness or maybe stepped or sloped used to spread the load over a large area. 

Strip footings are pad or spread and will footings that are used to support structural or non structural walls to transmit and distribute the loads to the soil.

1. When a reinforced concrete slabs supports a blind of two or more columns it is called combined footing

2. An ordinary combined footing maybe rectangular or trapezoidal in plant they are also used when the foundations sale is erratic and of relatively low bearing capacity.