Electrical Circuit

1. Name the vital components of an electrical circuit 

• Parallel circuits are circuits where all components are connected in parallel.

• Series circuits are circuits where all components are connected in series.

• AC circuits are circuits that have alternating current..

• DC circuits are circuits that have direct current.

• Active circuits are circuits that generate energy from electricity passing through them.

• Passive circuits are circuits that don’t generate energy from electricity passing through them.

2. Write down an active and passive electric components.

Active elements are components that require an external power source to operate. Example: Transistors, Operational amplifiers, and integrated circuits.

Passive element is an electrical component that does not generate power, but instead dissipates, stores, and/or releases it. Example: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Transformers, Diodes, Thermistors, Transducers.

3. Define electrical engineering and explain its applications.

Electrical engineering is a concept based on the physics of mechanics. It involves the application and learning of electromagnetism and electricity in various appliances. Electrical engineers who want to join your organization should know that electrical engineering deals with electrical circuits, the application of electrical elements and electricity, electromagnetism, alternating current, high voltage, and current in different industries.

4. List three critical responsibilities of electrical engineers.

• Solve electrical problems in electronic devices.

• Complete tests to check the functionality of electric systems.

• Design power grids for different uses and applications. 

5. What do you mean by electric network and electric circuit? 

An electric network is any possible interconnection of electric circuit elements (e.g. R, L, C) or branches. An electric circuit is a closed energized network.

6. What is an electric shock?

Electric shock occurs when there is a flow of electrons through the human body. This flow of current can cause tissue damage, burns, and even death depending on the intensity and duration of exposure.  

7. What is a resistor?

A resistor is a passive electrical component that creates resistance in the flow of electric current (to limit the flow of electric current).

8. What is 1 ohm?

An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of one ampere (A) passes through a resistor with a one volt (V) drop across its terminals.  

9. What is a capacitor?

A capacitor is a device capable of storing energy in a form of an electric charge. Capacitors oppose a change in voltage and can block direct current (DC), while allowing alternating current (AC) to pass. This is because the charge stored in the capacitor resists changes in voltage, creating a short-term battery effect. Example: DC adaptor(AC to DC converter(capacitor use for smooth dc output)), Signal filtering (capacitor block low frequency signals while allowing higher frequencies to pass through),

10. What is an inductor?

An inductor is a passive component that is used to store energy in the form of magnetic energy when electricity is applied to it. The effect of an inductor in a circuit is to oppose changes in current through it by developing a voltage across it proportional to the rate of change of the current. An ideal inductor would offer no resistance to a constant direct current. Power converter, Tuned circuit (Inductors can be combined with capacitors to create tuned LC circuits such as oscillators). 

11.Define the term Capacitance and Inductance?

• Capacitance: It is the amount of charge that is stored inside a capacitor at a given voltage.

• Inductance: It is the ability to store energy in the form of a magnetic field. Mutual inductance happens when a secondary coil opposes current change in the primary coil.

12. State Ohm's Law.

Ohm’s law states that the electrical current through a conductor is proportional to the potential difference across it. The law is critical for designing and analyzing electrical circuits and is used extensively in fields such as electronics, telecommunications, and power generation. 

13. State Kirchhoff's laws. 

• KCL states that the algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero.

• KVL states that for any closed loop in a circuit, the sum of the potential differences across all components is zero.

14. Which is better AC or DC?

AC is less expensive and easy to generate than DC. AC can be transmitted across long distances without much energy loss, unlike DC. The power loss during transmission in AC is less when compared to DC. 

15. Explain RLC circuit?

An RLC circuit carries an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and inductor (L) and a capacitor (C), connected in parallel or series. This circuit is called a second order circuit as any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second order differential equation.

16.what is the voltmeter and Ammeter?

Ammeter and voltmeter both devices are used in an electrical circuit to measure different aspects of electricity. Ammeter is connected in series and voltmeter is connected in parallel with a device.

17. Define the frantic effect?

The frantic effect occurs when the voltage received in a circuit is higher than the input voltage. This can happen due to various reasons such as faulty transformers, sudden power surges, or equipment malfunctions. Using voltage regulators and surge protectors to avoid the frantic effect.

18. What type of fire extinguisher is used to put out a fire caused by electrical wires?

Carbon-Tetra-Chloride, dry powder and CO2 

19. What is charge?

Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. 

20. What is Electricity?

Electricity is defined as the flow of electric charge. 

21. What is meant by Current?

The flow of free electrons in a conductor is called current. 

22. What is meant by voltage?

he potential difference between two points is called as voltage.

23. what is a branch and node?

A pair of network which connects the various points of the network is called branch. A point at which two or more elements are joined together is called node.

24. What is Power?

The time rate of change of energy is called power.

25. What should be the internal resistance of an ideal voltmeter and ammeter? 

Ideally the internal resistance of a voltmeter should be infinite and ideally the internal resistance of an ammeter should be zero. 

26. State the Thevenin’s theorem. 

Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit containing several voltage sources and resistors can be simplified to a Thevenin-equivalent circuit with a single voltage source and resistance connected in series with a load. 

27. State the Norton’s theorem. 

Norton's theorem states that any linear circuit can be simplified to an equivalent circuit consisting of a single current source and parallel resistance that is connected to a load. 

27. State the superposition theorem. 

This theorem states that the voltage across or current through any element due to multiple sources present in a linear network is equal to the algebraic sum of voltage across or current through that element due to individual source with all other sources replaced by their internal impedances. 

28. State Millman’s Theorem. 

This theorem states that, any number of current sources in parallel may be replaced by a single current source, whose current is the algebraic sum of individual source currents and source resistance is the parallel combination of individual source resistance. 

29. What is the condition for maximum power transfer? 

The resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source.

30. Describe the purpose and the functionality of a Wheatstone bridge in electrical circuits.

A Wheatstone bridge is a precise instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistance. It operates on the principle of balanced null measurement, minimizing errors caused by ammeter and voltmeter. When the bridge is balanced, the ratio of two known resistors equals the ratio of the variable to the unknown resistor. This balance point eliminates current flow through the galvanometer, allowing accurate determination of the unknown resistance using Ohm’s law. 

31. What is source?

The start of the point from where the electrons start flowing is called source.