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least 3 for each variable. The atomizer was a Kayfun Lite Close Atomizer. The type of atomizer is less important than the assessment of the coils as the atomizer was attached to a constant power supply instead of a battery. Center coil temperatures of two wire types, each in three gauges, wrapped in both contact and non-contact, fired at four voltages, and wet with 100% VG or kept dry were measured. All coils were hand-built to 1.8 Ω resistance. Temperatures were measured using a Micro-Epsilon IR sensor with a laser sighting. To complicate this single coil model, users have begun to use dual coils in parallel for a technique called “sub-ohming” ( 3.70 g/mL. Once it was determined that commercial e-liquids contain ethanol, coil temperatures were evaluated for any significant change from the original temperature studies conducted without ethanol in lab-prepared e-liquids. Temperatures were significantly lower in some cases and higher in others. Therefore, it could be said that the temperature the coils were unpredictable with ethanol in the e-liquid. (Figure 19) Project Findings Aim 1 Develop reliable, validated analytical methods to support the efficient and thorough analysis of e-cigarette devices, device components, and aerosol for pharmaceuticals in adulterated, unadulterated, and selfprepared formulations. 1. DART-MS, LC-MS3 , and GC-MS methods were successfully validated to screen, confirm, and quantitate pharmacologically active ingredients in e-liquids and the aerosol. a. A trap and SPME extraction method were developed and validated to successfully capture the aerosol produced by an e-cigarette. Aim 2 Characterize representative electronic cigarettes available for consumers to purchase, to include efficacy of drug delivery. 2. Increases in voltage do not increase the temperature of the coil significantly and do not yield significantly higher concentrations of the pharmacologically active ingredient (nicotine or methamphetamine) in the aerosol. 3. Metal composition of both nichrome and Kanthal wires decreases significantly after 1 burn and progressively deteriorates as the number of burns increases. This effect is independent of wire type, gauge, and configuration. Aim 3 Characterize the liquid refill products for electronic cigarettes, to include nicotine and adulterant pharmaceuticals. 4. Given that the e-cigarette industry is un-regulated, it should not be unexpected to find nicotine or glycol concentrations different than the labeled concentrations on e-cigarette liquid formulations. 5. Poor QA/QC in facilities producing e-liquid products result in products that have significantly less or significantly more than what is indicated on the bottle. 6. Some e-liquids are not labeled as to the pharmacologically active component, nor are they advertised by the vendor. Indicators that a product contains a DOTN is that it is 2-10 times more expensive than a nicotine-based e-liquid. 7. Ethanol was a major component in most e-liquids and was only labeled in one product. 13 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. 14 Future Studies 1. It is imperative to evaluate how vaping alcohol impacts field sobriety tests and BAC. 2. It is important to continue to monitor how the technology for e cigs continues to evolve. In the 2.5 years of this study, the types of e cigarettes have grown significantly in order to vape dry herb, waxes, dabs, oils, and other types of tinctures. 3. Eutectic mixtures should be explored to assess improving the aerosolization of high molecule weight molecules, such as opioids, particularly since user blogs indicate recommendations for cutting these drugs with caffeine before putting into e liquids. Dissemination/Products/Accomplishments This research group has aggressively presented and published its finding. Twenty scientific presentations have been made (Table 2). Two traditional workshops and two webinars were conducted. Six peer reviewed manuscripts have been published, and three more are in preparation and on track for submission by June. Findings from this study were also disseminated in China, but NIJ provided no funding for this travel. Presentations Workshops and Webinars Peace MR. “Characterization and Abuse of Electronic Cigarettes: The Efficacy of Personal Vaporizers as an Illicit Drug Delivery System.” Forensic Technology Center of Excellence Live Webinar, August 2016. Peace MR, Butler KE, Stone JW. “Characterization and Abuse of Electronic Cigarettes: The Efficacy of Personal Vaporizers as an Illicit Drug Delivery System.” NIJ Research Symposium, February