UNIT ONE: LECTURE CONTENT

QUIZLET WITH ALL U1 LECTURE CONTENT   (more in depth and has all vocab terms)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hatoqF-08AqhtMLQXR9XGUKsCSiIe2Il2jAIJtvyir4/edit?tab=t.0

-ABOVE IS THE GOOGLE DOC WITH SCANNED IMAGES OF MY NOTES

-(Brain Mapping of body compartmentalization/heirarchy and Drawn images from lecture content.)

Describe characteristics and explain a function for at least six (6) organelles of human cells.

The Nucleus:

-Houses DNA which are instructions for building proteins.

-It is usually near the center, and has a double membrane, so it has TWO PLB It also is porous. The large pores allow MRNA molecules to enter and exit the nucleus.It also functions as the cell control center.

-THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF DNA

There is CHROMATIN- which looks like ramen noodles. This is DNA accessible to protein synthesis.

There is CHROMOSOMES: which is the ramen noodles packaged up DNA for cell division. It is OFF limits for protein synthesis when it gets packaged up.

THE OVERALL FX FOR NUCLEUS IS TO STORE GENETIC INFO

Nucleolus: 

-Dark dense spot inside of the nucleus, looks like an egg yolk.

-It houses the DNA for making RrnA for making ribosomes

The Mitochondria:

-This is known as the POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL FOR A REASON. 

-Simillarly to the nucleus it also has a double membrane.The outer one that is smooth and the inner membrane that forms a cristae (the little folds). 

-The little folds increase surface area for making ATP

-Mitochondria uses aerobic respiration to create ATP and is much more efficient than ANAerobic respiration which produces lactic acid as a byproduct.

The Golgi Apparatus:

-This is like the UPS for DNA. 

-It packs up and organizes proteins and lipids synthesized in the Endoplasmic reticulum.

-The ribosomes on the rough ER is what makes the proteins

-It is a series of stacked membranes that look like an ampitheather.

-Along with packaging the DNA it also delivers them to their final destination for their function.

Peroxisomes: 

-Their main function is to neutralize free radicals to prevent cellular or DNA damage or mutations, looks like little balls inside of the cytoplasm

Transport Vesicles:

-Function to transport molecules inside of the cell-look like little balls

Ribosomes:

-They function to build proteins, and do not have a membrane

-Made up of a combination of ribosomal RNA and proteins

-Can be found bound to the Rough endoplasmic Reticulum or roaming around in cytosol

Lysosomes: Function as the cells garbage disposals, they have digestive enzymes that help break down cellular debris.

Cell Cytoskeleton:

-Microfilaments: They are the smallest, and they are contractile

-They function for generating movement 

-Lots of Microfilaments serve as peripheral proteins inside the cell

-They either move the plasma membrane around, Help fuse the PM with a vesicle, or help with vesicular transport.

-Vesicular transport is a form of active transport which means it requires ATP

-Vesicular transport is used transport SUBSTANCES WITHIN THE CELL

-MICROFILAMENTS ALSO THE CORE OF MICROVILLI PM EXTENSIONS

Microtubules: 

-Form large hollow tubes

-Has a strong framework to anchor cell components in place “tracks” on which cell components move around

-They are also important in cell division and form the center of a centrosome

-Forms core of flagellum and cilia plasma membrane extensions

-Flagellum is the whip like tail that allows sperm cells to swim

Intermediate Filament:

-Medium in size

-Help convey strength and reinforcement for the cytoskeleton

-IM is a key ingredient in Keratin

How does the arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer contribute to maintaining homeostasis by controlling movement into and out of the cell? Explain how substances can still move in or out by describing at least two examples of membrane transport mechanisms.

-The phospholipid bilayer is a fundamental component in the regulation of substances in and out of the PM.

-Each phospholipid head has a hydroPHILLIC head and a hydroPHOBIC tail. 

-Making the PLB hydrophobic at its core. And making the 

-This prevents most polar molecules and ions from freely passing through the PM.

-THE PM IS SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE. So it can regulate what comes in and what comes out based on NEED. To maintain homeostasis.

-WHAT DOES THE PM SELECT? (for homeostasis)

-Regulates ions flowing in and out to keep ion levels at bay for certain cellular functions

-It lets useful nutrients and substances in but it does not allow harmful ones.

PROTEINS

Integral Proteins: They are integrated within the PLB and span the entire thing. If they are hollow they act as channels for membrane transport (what comes in and what comes out). If they are not hollow then they act as structural support. 

Peripheral Proteins: They stick out of the plasma membrane, they choose either one side or another. Not both sides like the integral proteins. The peripheral proteins feature a GLYCOCALYX: ON PERIPH. PRTEINS. WHICH STICK OUT. contains sugars so it is sticky. GC aids in communication and signaling and cell recog.

Why do cells need to be recognized?

The glycocalyx helps the body differentiate between its own healthy cells and foreign bad cells. Without this many pathogens would be able to get into the cell. Without this homeostasis would be seriously disrupted and we would probably die because our body couldnt differentiate between good and bad.

CHOLESTEROL PRESENCE

The presence of cholesterol helps with varying body temperatures. As temperature increases fluidity increases. As temperature decreases the PM becomes more solid. Thanks to the PLB. They help maintain structural integrity of the PM ensuring that the PM remains functional under varying physiological changes.

DIFFFUUSSSIONNNNN

SIMPLE DIFFUSION: Fat soluble, small molecules move between phospholipids. This is when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is essential in maintaining the balance of certain substances within the body. If substances could not move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration within the cell there would be too much in one area and not enough in another. This is passive and does not use ATP.

Ex: The lungs. When a person breathes in air in a room there is more co2 in their lungs compared to oxygen.

SIMPLE DIFFUSION ALSO HELPS EXPEL WASTE.

Facilitated diffusion also DOES NOT use ATP, however it uses a protein channel.This is for larger molecules.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Requires the use of ATP. Many types of active transport however I will be choosing phagocytosis.WHICH IS A SPECIAL FORM OF ENDOCYTOSIS(ENGULFING SUBSTANCES INTO VESICLES) Which litterally means CELL EAT. This is when cells engulf invaders or dead, sick cells. Enzymes inside the phagocytic cell then break down the pathogen to completely destroy it. White blood cells are phagocytic which means they participate in phagocytosis. They remove cells that would cause disease and therefore put the body in an unstable position.