Pie Chart: New York City Racial Demographics
One of the major inclusions in New York City is the implementation of the IDNYC identification card program which is a free photo ID card issued by the government for people of 10 and above years who live in NYC (NYC Mayor's office of immigrant affairs.2018). The program continues to secure peace of mind for all residents of the city regardless of their social, cultural, or immigration status (IDNYC. 2022). The IDNYC provides access to city services that benefit every city resident such as SNAP cash assistance, and section 8, also applies for health insurance through the NYS Health Insurance Marketplace for the most vulnerable communities: the homeless, youth, the elderly, undocumented immigrants, the formerly incarcerated, and others who may have difficulty obtaining other government-issued (IDNYC Official website of the City of New York. 2022). It is also used as a proof of identity for employment, and work authorization to employers and the New York Police Department (NYPD) (IDNYC Official website of the City of New York. 2022). It can qualify for affordable housing through NYC public housing, and access to city buildings that provide services to the public such as the New York, Brooklyn, and Queens Public Library and many NYC Health and Hospital facilities.
Video: IDNYC Summit 2018
In conjunction with the New York City Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs (MOIA), it engages in the inclusion of immigrant communities across the city, with special attention to newly arrived and hard-to-reach communities (NYC Mayor office of immigrant affairs.2018). Working closely with community partners and City agencies, MOIA promotes integration and well-being of immigrants through programs and policy recommendations through training programs, joining partner organizations’ events, and working with targeted communities and public transportation such as updates on the travel bans and DACA (NYC Mayor office of immigrant affairs.2018).
Although New York City is a highly inclusive city, there are exclusions in New York City such as property and housing in certain areas. Apartments and houses in Manhattan are controlled by small co-op groups that are entrusted with overseeing and deciding the kind of residents renting the premises (Gibson, 2022). They are not legally bound to reveal their basis for rejecting applicants which can be discriminative in the applicant’s ethnicity, social status, and culture (Gibson, 2022). The pre-existing structure and marginalization to exclude certain kinds of the city-dwellers can become a norm in discriminative housing and property practices with impunity (Gibson, D. 2022). These discriminatory practices create issues of infringing on urban citizens' rights and have an impact on minimal housing options and affordability in the city as 75% are co-op (Gibson, D. 2022).
Lueck, Thomas J. 1993
Although public education in New York City is accessible for anyone from 5 to 21 years of age regardless of their education level, immigration status, and family background, there is an exclusion of other cultures in the NYC public elementary school curricula where only 15% are white, and books used in school are written by 84% white (Lueck, Thomas J. 1993). It is an exclusion of a diversified representation and perspective of various cultures, races, religions, and social classes that will impact the learning and development of the children’s knowledge and identity (Coalition for educational justice, 2019). Such exclusion is a result of a lack of diversified books written by other ethnicities, the pre-existing structure of the curricula in schools set long ago, the norm and priority set by the education system of the city, and the time required to make changes is long (Coalition for educational justice, 2019).
Map: NYC Unemployment Rate
0% | Very low | Low | High
This map is evident that most of the white-populated areas have either 0 percent or very low unemployment, meanwhile, locations populated by non-whites, particularly Blacks, have the highest unemployment rate.
Despite their qualifications, Migrants in NYC are not treated as equal citizens by employers. In their study, Gerharz and Land (2017) mentioned the situation of Bangladeshi migrants in NYC who were unable to find employment as their diplomas from South Asia or Europe were not entirely accepted. Hence, they were forced to find low-income jobs that did not align with the level of education they pursued. In addition, some of the migrants who managed to complete a degree from a US university were experiencing a similar issue, as they stated that they are not hired by employers because they are not US citizens. Therefore, they were working as taxi drivers or shop assistants, where they received significantly lower income as compared to their US citizen peers who attained the same degree from the same institution and were receiving higher income as they were able to find employment according to their qualifications.
Video: Racism in NYC against Chinese community during Covid-19 pandemic
In a letter sent by the Department of Housing Preservation and Development, NYC, a racist and stereotypical name was used for an Asian resident. This video shows the extent of racism the Asian community faced during the Covid-19 pandemic, which even involved governmental departments.
The Asian American community in New York City is one of the fastest-growing ethnic groupings, accounting for more than 15% of the overall population of New York City. Overall, the Asian population in NYC represents a wide range of ethnic groupings, immigration backgrounds, and socioeconomic statuses. Even though the Asian American community has spent decades establishing itself, there has been a constantly recurring narrative dubbed the "model minority." While this classification emphasizes a limited area of success, it ignores the terrible economic realities that many Asian Americans continue to face.
According to the Asian American Federation, the number of Asians living in poverty in New York City increased from 170,000 in 2000 to over 245,000 in 2016, with multiple studies revealing that the poverty rates of Asians in NYC are higher than those of any other immigrant group since 25% of all Asian immigrants to the United States only arrived in the nation within the previous decade. Linguistically, 70% of Asian immigrants and 59% of non-Asian immigrants in poverty spoke little to no English (LEP). In addition to this, Asian child poverty rates have also climbed by 1.4 percentage points since 2000. In comparison, just 19% of non-Asian and 27% of Hispanic poor children lived in linguistically isolated homes, whereas 43% of Asian children did. 96% of poor Asian children had at least one immigrant parent, compared to 51% of non-Asian children who were poor and had at least one immigrant parent. Learning English gave Asian workers an advantage in the labor market, with 63% of Asian employees earning less than the poverty line having poor English proficiency, compared to 40% of Asian workers earning at or above the poverty line.
Additionally, studies have also shown that Asian low-income workers are disproportionately represented in two industries that have received increased regulatory scrutiny at the state and municipal levels: the nail salon and food delivery industries, with the restaurant and food service industries employing 21% of low-income Asian workers and merely 10% of non-Asian low-income workers.
While the majority of the top jobs and industries that employed people in poverty were comparable for Asians and non-Asians, a few of these vocations and industries were exclusive to Asians living in poverty. Five of the most popular occupations for impoverished Asian employees were exclusive to Asians alone: chefs and head cooks; miscellaneous personal aesthetic workers; food preparation workers; sewing machine operators; and truck drivers. Two of these groups included occupations that were recently in the news. The category of "miscellaneous personal esthetic workers'' includes a significant number of Asian nail salon employees. The group "drivers/sales employees and truck drivers'' covers the vast majority of Asians employed in food delivery.
Cut-and-sew clothing manufacturing; nail salons and other personal care services; beauty salons; stocks, commodities, money, and other financial activities accounted for four of the top fifteen businesses that employed Asians living in poverty. Restaurants and food services were a major source of employment for low-income Asian workers, employing 21% of them, whilst only 10% of non-Asian employees in poverty worked in the restaurant and food service industry.
As diverse as New York City is, these phenomena remain to be highly prevalent amongst Asians in New York City, with Asian immigrants frequently securing employment opportunities whose wages are frequently insufficient for them to survive in urban cities such as New York City, as highly evident by the unaffordability of nine out of ten low-income Asian families in NYC to rent ‘affordable housing’—which is mostly due to the rising rents associated with gentrification.
Best Neighborhood. (n.d.). Race, Diversity, and Ethnicity in New York, NY. https://bestneighborhood.org/race-in-new-york-ny/
Coalition For Educational Justice. (2019). Chronically absent: The exclusion of people of color from NYC elementary school curricula. http://www.nyccej.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/reportCEJ-Chronically-Absent-FINAL.pdf
Coalition For Educational Justice. (2020). Diverse City, White Curriculum: The Exclusion of People of Color from English Language Arts in NYC Schools. (2015). http://www.nyccej.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Diverse-City-White-Curriculum-3.pdf
Gerharz, E., Land, C. (2017). Uprooted belonging: The formation of a ‘Jumma Diaspora’ in New York City. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 44(11), 1881-1896. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1373594
Gibson, D. (2022, February 8 ). All kinds of discrimination’: Inside the secretive world of New York housing co-ops. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2022/feb/08/new-york-housing-co-ops-apartments-discrimination
Lueck, Thomas J. (1993). Immigrant Enrollment Rises In New York City Schools. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/16/nyregion/immigrant-enrollment-rises-in-new-york-city-schools.html
Moon, J. (2021). New York’s Chinatown fights back against racism [Photograph]. The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/new-yorks-chinatown-fights-back-against-racism-0wqvnkqq0
NYC. (2022). About IDNYC. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/idnyc/about/about.page
NYC Official Website of the City of New York. (2022). A free City ID card: IDNYC | NYC Human Resources Administration (HRA). https://access.nyc.gov/programs/idnyc/
NBC New York. (2021, March 27). Racist, Stereotypical Name Used on Letter From NYC Housing Department [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKVQ88IJuOY