Export Credit Agencies as industrial policy
An assessment of public export finance as an instrument of industrial policy, focusing on Germany: its justification as a remedy for a financing market failure, and its strategic importance for an economy increasingly exposed to a state-backed China that both rivals German exporters and dominates their critical supply chains.
An assessment of public export finance as a lever for competitiveness, focusing on France: its justification as a remedy for a financing market failure, and the case for scaling up an underused, self-financing tool to the level of France's most active European peers.