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Aguilar v. Texas (1964)*
Hearsay is not enough for a warrant
Alabama v. White (1990)
Corroborated anonymous tip may support a stop
The prison lost my stuff!
Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000)
Who decides whether to add penalties for hate crimes?
Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972)
Does the Sixth Amendment right to counsel apply to misdemeanors?
Arizona v Gant (2009)
What are the limits to a vehicle search incident to arrest?
Arizona v. Evans (1995)
The computer says you have a warrant. You deny it. Now what?
Arizona v. Fulminante (1991)
To what extent can police use psychological pressure?
Arizona v. Hicks (1987)
Police suspect stereo is stolen. What can they do?
Atkins v. Virginia (2002)
Who can get the death penalty? Who can't?
Atwater v. Lago Vista (2001)
Can you be arrested for not wearing a seat belt?
Ballew v. Georgia (1978)
How many jurors is enough?
Barker v. Wingo (1972)
What does a "speedy" trial mean?
Batson v Kentucky (1986)
What does a jury of your "peers" mean?
Baze v. Rees (2008)
What are the rules for lethal injections?
Bearden v. Georgia (1983)
Can you be imprisoned for failure to pay?
Benton v. Maryland (1969)
Defendant gambled on a new trial and lost - now what?
Can an unlawful search or seizure support a federal lawsuit?
Blakely v. Washington (2004)
Can a judge order an "exceptional" (high) sentence, or is a jury needed?
Booth v. Maryland (1987)
Is a victim impact statement at capital sentencing cruel and unusual punishment?
Bounds v. Smith (1977)
Must prisons provide law libraries or adequate legal assistance?
Brady v. Maryland (1963)
What are prosecutors' duties regarding potentially exculpatory evidence?
Breed v. Jones (1975)
Does juvenile + adult trial = double jeopardy?
Brewer v. Williams (1977)
The "Christian Burial Speech"
Brigham City v. Stuart (2006)
Emergency aid exception to Fourth Amendment warrant requirement
Brown v. Mississippi (1936)
Police cannot use physical coercion to gain confessions
Burch v. Louisiana (1979)
Non-unanimous six-member jury for state criminal non-petty offense violated right to trial by jury
Burns v. Reed (1991)
Police questioned suspect while she was under hypnosis
Calder v. Bull (1798)
Do ex post facto laws apply to wills?
California v. Greenwood (1988)
Can police search trash at curb without a warrant or probable cause?
California v. Hodari D. (1991)
When is a person "seized" by police?
Carroll v. United States (1925)
The Automobile Exception
The first "incorporation" of a right in the Bill of Rights against a state
Chimel v. California (1969)
How broad is a search incident to arrest?
Coker v. Georgia (1977)
Is the death penalty for rape cruel and unusual punishment?
Can plaintiffs file Bivens civil rights actions against private prisons?
Cramer v. United States (1945)
Defining the limits of treason
Crawford v. Washington (2004)
Who wins in this battle between hearsay deemed reliable and the Confrontation Clause?
Cruz v. Beto (1972)
To what extent must prisons allow inmates' religious activities?
Cunningham v. California (2007)
California's determinate sentencing law falls, based on Apprendi
A new standard for expert testimony sets the judge as gatekeeper
Davis v. United States (1994)
Assertion of the right to counsel must be "unambiguous or unequivocal request for counsel"
Davis v. United States (2011)
Good-faith exception to exclusionary rule applies to a search that was authorized by precedent
Davis v. Washington (2006)
Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause does not apply to "non-testimonial" statements
DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)
States may not deny the constitutional right of peaceable assembly
The right to bear arms applies to self-defense, not only militia
Edwards v. Arizona (1981)
Once a defendant invokes the Fifth Amendment right to counsel, police must cease custodial interrogation
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
One in the custody of law enforcement has a Sixth Amendment right to speak to an attorney
Escoe v. Zerbst (1935)
What right does a probationer have to contest revocation?
Estelle v. Gamble (1976)
Deliberate indifference by prison staff to a prisoner's serious illness or injury constitutes cruel and unusual punishment
Ex parte Lange (1873)
The Supreme Court expanded "life and limb" in the Double Jeopardy Clause to include misdemeanor punishment, clearing the way for the evolution of double jeopardy law in its current form
Ex parte Siebold (1879)
Can the federal government prosecute a state official for neglecting state duties to protect a federal election?
Ex parte US (1916)
Can federal judges suspend sentences indefinitely?
Felker v. Turpin (1996)
It is not unconstitutional for a court to transfer the duty of habeas review to an appellate panel
Fernandez v. California (2014)
Can police perform a warrantless search when the defendant who previously objected is not present and a co-tenant consents?
Florida v. Bostick (1991)
The test of whether a "reasonable person" felt free to decline or terminate a search presupposes his or her innocence
Florida v. JL (2000)
Police may not stop and frisk based solely on an anonymous tip with location, appearance & allegation
Ford v. Wainwright (1986)
Defendants have due process right to a competency evaluation and an evidentiary hearing regarding their competency to be executed
Frank v. Mangum (1915)*
Can federal courts apply the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause to state criminal proceedings?
Frye v. United States (D.C. Cir. 1923)*
To be admitted into evidence, expert testimony must be based on accepted scientific methods
Furman v. Georgia (1972)
The US Supreme Court invalidated all death penalty schemes in the US as arbitrary
Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973)
Probationer is entitled to a hearing when his/her probation is revoked
Gall v. United States (2007)
Courts of Appeals may not presume sentences that fall outside federal sentencing guidelines to be unreasonable
Georgia v. Randolph (2006)
Police cannot search a house where one resident consents while another objects
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Sixth Amendment requires states to pay for attorneys for indigent criminal defendants
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
The Fourteenth Amendment prohibits states from infringing free speech
Graham v. Connor (1989)
A claim of police excessive force during an arrest, stop, or seizure is subject to objective reasonableness standard
Graham v. Florida (2010)
Other than homicide, no life sentence without parole for juveniles
Though there is no constitutional right to early release from prison, a statute may create a constitutionally protected expectation of parole
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
Supreme Court allowed reinstatement of the death penalty where new laws provided sufficient clarity
Griffin v. Wisconsin (1987)
Reasonable warrantless search of probationer’s residence does not violate the Fourth Amendment
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
State's ban on the use of contraceptives violated right to marital privacy
Harmelin v. Michigan (1991)
Does a statutory mandatory sentence that does not allow consideration of mitigating factors constitute cruel and unusual punishment?
Harris v. United States (1947)
Supreme Court affirmed admissibility of evidence of a crime found by officers during a proper, warrantless, search for evidence of an unrelated crime
Harris v. United States (1968)
Discovery and seizure of contraband discovered during inventory search does not violate the Fourth Amendment
Horton v. California (1990)
The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless seizure of evidence in plain view
Hudson v. Michigan (2006)
Evidence need not be excluded when police violate the "knock-and-announce" rule
Hurst v. Florida (2016)
Sixth Amendment requires a jury to find the aggravating factors necessary for imposing the death penalty
Hurtado v. California (1884)
Federal right to grand jury is not incorporated to the states
Illinois v. Gates (1983)
Gates replaced the Aguilar–Spinelli test for probable cause with the "totality of the circumstances" test
Illinois v. Krull (1987)
No suppression of evidence found in search based on statute struck down after search
Illinois v. Lidster (2004)
Fourth Amendment permits the police to use a roadblock to investigate a traffic incident
Illinois v. MacArthur (2001)
Officers may prevent occupant from entering his/her home while they obtain a search warrant
Illinois v. Perkins (1990)
Undercover police agents need not give Miranda warnings when talking to suspects in jail
Illinois v. Rodriguez (1990)
Warrantless entry based upon third party consent is valid where police reasonably believe third party has common authority over premises
Illinois v. Wardlow (2000)
Sudden, unprovoked flight from police officers patrolling a high crime area may justify a stop
Imbler v. Pachtman (1976)
Prosecutors have full immunity from civil suits resulting from their prosecutorial duties
In re Gault (1967)
14th Amendment Due Process Clause applies to juvenile defendants
In re Winship (1970)
Established proof beyond a reasonable doubt as the burden in juvenile cases
Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000)
No narcotics roadblocks without reasonable suspicion
Peremptory challenges based solely on a prospective juror's gender are unconstitutional
Jacobson v. United States (1992)
Entrapment defense defined
Johnson v. Avery (1969)
State prisons must allow inmates access to legal system, via legal assistants or otherwise
Katz v. United States (1967)
Expansion past the trespass approach to the right to privacy
Kelly v. California (2008)
Can prosecution/victim play video of victim during sentencing?
Kennedy v. Louisiana (2008)
Is the death penalty for child rape cruel & unusual?
Kent v. United States (1966)
Full investigation is necessary before waiver of jurisdiction of juvenile court
Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967)
State indefinitely suspending trial violates right to speedy trial.
Kyllo v. United States (2001)
Use of thermal imaging device to monitor heat of home, even from a public street, requires a search warrant
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Does it violate the First Amendment to have a rabbi to offer prayers at a graduation ceremony?
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
3-pronged test to avoid violating the Establishment Clause. Statute must have a secular legislative purpose, its principal effect cannot promote nor inhibit religion, and it cannot foster “excessive government entanglement with religion”
Does a second attempted execution constitute double jeopardy or cruel and unusual punishment
Malley v. Briggs (1986)
Does a police officer get immunity when presenting a judge with an application for a warrant that does not state probable cause?
Malloy v. Hogan (1964)
Fifth Amendment privilege against compelled self-incrimination applies to state courts
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule is incorporated to the states
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
"It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is."
Maryland v. Buie (1990)
Protective sweep doctrine
Massachusetts v. Sheppard (1984)
What is the standard for officers who execute an invalid search warrant signed by a judge?
Massiah v. United States (1964)
Are a represented defendant’s incriminating statements admissible if made without counsel after a criminal proceeding has begun?
McCleskey v. Zant (1991)
Discussion of limits on appeals
McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
The right to self-defense is "fundamental" and "deeply rooted" and applies to the states
Melendez v. United States (1996)
Does a prosecutor's plea agreement that a cooperating defendant be given the minimum sentence authorize a judge to depart below a statutory minimum?
It is a violation of the Sixth Amendment right of confrontation for a prosecutor to submit a drug test report without the testimony of the person who performed the test?
Mempa v. Rhay (1967)
Does the Sixth Amendment right to counsel extend to probation revocation hearings?
Are police sobriety checkpoints constitutional?
Michigan v. Bryant (2011)
Which statements are "testimonial" for Confrontation Clause purposes?
Miller v. Alabama (2012)
Are mandatory sentences of life without parole constitutional for juveniles?
Miller v. United States (1958)
Obscenity test outlined
Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993)
Officer conducting a lawful patdown search for weapons may seize non-weapon contraband in plain view (feel)
Minnesota v. Murphy (1984)
Admissions made to a probation officer about a crime unrelated to the probation are admissible in subsequent prosecution
Minnesota v. Olson (1990)
Overnight guest has a reasonable expectation of privacy in bedroom
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Suspect must be advised of rights to remain silent and to counsel before custodial interrogation
Mistretta v. United States (1989)*
Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of US Sentencing Commission authority over sentencing guidelines
Moran v. Burbine (1986)
Police failure to inform suspect about attorney’s phone call did not invalidate his waiver of Miranda rights
Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)
Established necessity of parole revocation hearing
Muehler v. Mena (2005)
Can police detain residents in handcuffs while executing search warrant?
Murray v. Carrier (1986)
Can appellant raise late claims if earlier filing was neglected due to attorney's mistake?
Can employees be subjected to drug testing without probable cause?
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Does a law to prohibit publishing "disinformation" violate the free press provision of the First Amendment?
No prior restraints on media coverage during criminal trials
New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
What is the standard for searches of students conducted by public school officials?
Precursor to Bruen - mooted when NY changed its law
Does the Second Amendment protect the right to carry a firearm?
New York v. Belton (1981)*
Officer arresting a vehicle occupant may search vehicle incident to arrest
New York v. Quarles (1984)
The public safety exception to Miranda
Nix v. Whiteside (1986)
Is defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel violated when an attorney refuses to present perjured testimony at his trial?
Nix v. Williams (1984)
The "inevitable discovery" exception to the exclusionary rule
Ohio v. Roberts (1980)*
Does the introduction into evidence of prior testimony of a witness who had not been cross-examined violate the Sixth Amendment?
Olmstead v. United States (1928)
Does wiretapping violate the Fourth or Fifth Amendments?
Oregon v. Ice (2009)
Can judges order consecutive, rather than concurrent, sentences for multiple offenses?
Palko v. Connecticut (1937)*
Does the Fifth Amendment prohibition against double jeopardy apply to the states?
Payne v. Tennessee (1991)
Does the Eighth Amendment prohibit a capital sentencing jury from considering the impact that a victim's death had upon surviving family members?
Pell v. Procunier (1974)
Can prisons restrict inmates' First Amendment rights?
Does the federal Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule apply to parole revocation hearings?
Ponte v. Real (1985)
Must prison officials document reasons for denying inmate requests?
Procunier v. Martinez (1974)
Can prisons censor inmate mail and disallow contact with law students?
Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)
Does housing more than one inmate in a cell constitute cruel and unusual punishment?
Richards v. Wisconsin (1997)
When can police break down a door to execute a search warrant?
Richardson v. McKnight (1997)
Are private prison guards entitled to qualified immunity from federal civil lawsuits?
Ring v. Arizona (2002)
Who can evaluate aggravating factors necessary for the death penalty - judge or jury?
Rita v. United States (2007)
Can courts presume sentences to be reasonable or unreasonable based on relation to sentencing guidelines?
Robinson v. California (1962)
Can states punish defendants for being drug addicts?
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
No death penalty for crimes committed while under age 18
Samson v. California (2006)
Can police search a parolee's residence without a warrant or probable cause?
Sandin v. Conner (1995)
When does a prison rule create a liberty interest for an inmate?
Saucier v. Katz (2001)
Can a ruling on qualified immunity be paired with the question of whether unreasonable force was used in making an arrest?
Schall v. Martin (1984)
Can juveniles be held in custody pending trial?
Schilb v. Kuebel (1971)
Does a bail system that charges fees violate equal protection requirements?
Schlup v. Delo (1995)
When can a court reopen a case in light of new evidence?
Scott v. Harris (2007)
With this tragic end, was this car chase justified?
Scott v. United States (1978)
Rules for minimization of electronic surveillance
Fruit of the poisonous tree
Smith v. Daily Mail Pub. Co. (1979)
Can papers publish the names of juveniles charged with crimes?
Snyder v. Louisiana (2008)
Can attorneys strike jurors based on race?
Sorrells v. United States (1932)
What is entrapment?
South Dakota v. Opperman (1976)
The Community Caretaker exception
Spinelli v. United States (1969)*
Can police cite anonymous informants to support search warrant requests?
Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
Officer may use deadly force against fleeing felon only with good faith belief that suspect poses significant risk to others
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Police may stop and frisk for weapons based upon reasonable & articulable suspicion
Can murder and cannibalism be defended in court as a necessity?
Timbs v. Indiana (2019)
Incorporation of the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against excessive fines upon the states
To show selective prosecution, one must show that a prosecutorial policy had both a discriminatory purpose and a discriminatory effect
United States v. Booker (2005)
Sixth Amendment right to jury trial requires that other than a prior conviction, only facts admitted by a defendant or proved beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury may be used to calculate a sentence exceeding statutory maximum
United States v. Carll (1881)
To what extent must intent be proven in a forgery/uttering case?
United States v. Grubbs (2006)
Are anticipatory warrants constitutional?
United States v. Harris (1971)
An investigator's personal knowledge can provide a factual basis for a search affidavit
United States v. Knights (2001)
Court held warrantless search, supported by reasonable suspicion and authorized by a condition of probation, was reasonable, with no "probationary purpose" needed
United States v. Leon (1984)
The Court established the "good faith" exception to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule
Police may use checkpoints, & stop & question people near international borders without individualized suspicion
United States v. Matlock (1974)
Hearsay is admissible evidence at a suppression hearing
United States v. Mendenhall (1980)
A "seizure" occurs when an officer uses displays of authority to detain a person
Detention of traveler at international border is justified by reasonable suspicion
United States v. O’Brien (2010)
Who decides on machine gun sentence enhancement - judge or jury?
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Does Ten Commandments monument at state capitol building violate First Amendment's establishment clause?
Vitek v. Jones (1980)
Criminal conviction and sentence of imprisonment extinguish right to freedom from confinement during the sentence, but do not authorize a state to classify one as mentally ill or authorize involuntary psychiatric treatment without due process protections
Wainwright v. Sykes (1977)
Failure to object at a criminal trial does not allow a defendant to later challenge the conviction on habeas corpus grounds, when a state has a rule requiring contemporary objections.
Warden v. Hayden (1967)
The Fourth Amendment does not distinguish between instrumentalities or fruits of a crime and other evidence
Weeks v. United States (1914)
Creation of the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule
Whren v. United States (1996)
Pretextual stops do not violate the Constitution
Williams v. Florida (1970)
Court approved 6-person jury in state criminal cases
Williams v. New York (1949)
It is not unconstitutional for a sentencing judge to consider information that was not presented in open court
Wilson v. Arkansas (1995)
The common-law "knock-and announce" principle forms part of the Fourth Amendment reasonableness inquiry
Wilson v. Seiter (1991)
Inmates claiming that prison conditions violate the Eighth Amendment must show a culpable state of mind by prison officials
Winston v Lee (1985)
Surgery is too invasive to be used to seize evidence
Wolf v. Colorado (1949) *
The Court declined to impose the federal Exclusionary Rule on the states
Wolff v. McDonnell (1974)
Prisoners retain some due process rights when incarcerated
Woodson v. North Carolina (1976)
Mandatory death penalty for first-degree murder violates the Eighth Amendment
Wyoming v. Houghton (1999)
With probable cause to search a stopped vehicle, police may search its contents
Yarborough v. Alvarado (2004)
When deciding whether a suspect is "in custody" and thus entitled to Miranda warnings, must officer consider the suspect's age and history with law enforcement?
* Case has been overturned