In this work, drug molecules present in water or in air (volatile pharmaceuticals) are treated by both homogeneous and heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The main novelty of this study is to investigate the formation of the Metal-drug complexes and their quantification using different spectrophotometric techniques. The effects of typical process parameters on drug mineralization have been reported to compare the performances of AOP for the degradation of drug and their complex mixture at high concentration. UV and solar light both play an important role for the degradation of unclevaged drug molecules and ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) complexes. LC-MS spectra evidenced for formation of charge transfer FeCIPCOM at a 1:1 CIP-to-Fe2+ ratio. CIP acted as a bidented ligand (Scematic-2) coordinated with Fe2+. The IR study uncovered that ligand-to-metal bonding weakened the stretching frequency of both the O–H bond and the −C═O group through coordination with Fe2+. The enhanced FeCIPCOM degradation has been found in this photoassisted reaction. Reactive oxygenated species (ROS) are quantified here byEPR technique. In this research domain we synthesized many plasmonic metal nanoparticles (NPs) like M/TiO2 (where, M = Ag, Au, Pt, Cu ...) that could harvest visible light efficiently by their strong interaction with resonant photons through an excitation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR).

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are based on the generation of very reactive radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals (HO•) which are able to react with most of the organic compounds and initiate their degradation. The pollutants and by-products are degraded through a series of complex reactions. In the first step, HO• radicals react with organic compounds either by H abstraction, double bond addition, or electron transfer leading to formation of organic radicals. The latter species react with dissolved oxygen to form peroxyl (ROO•) radicals which undergo rapid decomposition. The overall process leads to partial or total mineralization of pollutants. Photo-Fenton process (H2O2/Fe2+/UV) as the heterogeneous AOPs involves formation of HO• radicals through photolysis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/UV) along with the Fenton reaction (H2O2/Fe2+). In presence of UV irradiation, ferric ions (Fe3+) are also photo-catalytically converted to ferrous ions (Fe2+) with formation of additional HO• radicals. Iron(II)-organic chelation reaction plays an important role over the oxidation of drug molecules followed by detoxification of fragments.