The United States one cent coin is generally known by the nickname "penny", alluding to the British coin and unit of that name. Australia ended production of their 1 coin in 1992, as did Canada in 2012. Some Eurozone countries ended production of the 1 euro cent coin, most recently Slovakia in 2022.[1]

The use of the cent symbol has largely fallen into disuse since the mid-20th century as inflation has resulted in very few things being priced in cents in any currency. It was included on US typewriter keyboards, but has not been adopted on computers.[2]

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The cent sign appeared as the shift of the 6 key on American manual typewriters, but that position has been taken over by the freestanding circumflex on computer keyboards. The character (offset 162) can still be created in most common code pages, including Unicode and Windows-1252:

Although great teachers and involved parent and guardians are the core to a student's success, the learning environment plays a vital role. Updating our schools improves every student's chances for success, and these schools serve as centerpieces for our communities.

The half-cent sales tax is a half penny tax on the sale of some goods and services across the county. The first half-penny sales tax was approved by Volusia County voters on October 9, 2001. The sales tax was extended for another 15 years on August 26, 2014, from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2031.

Everyone who buys taxable goods in Volusia County, including tourists and part-time residents, will pay the half-cent sales tax. Taxpayers will continue to pay the same half-cent sales tax; it is not new nor is it an increase.

The half-cent voter-approved sales tax can only be used for capital expenses (facilities, technology). It is not allowed to be used for general operating expenses such as salaries, and books (Section 212.055(6), Florida Statutes).

The circulating version of these coins uses the same metal content as other modern cents (2.5 percent copper, the rest zinc). The uncirculated version contains the metals used in the original 1909 cent (95 percent copper, 5 percent tin and zinc).

The Transportation Authority has administered the half-cent transportation sales tax since the first measure was approved by voters in 1989. The half-cent transportation sales tax generates about $100 million per year and has helped fund transportation projects across the city, including new buses and light rail vehicles, street paving, bike lanes, pedestrian safety improvements, paratransit services for seniors and persons with disabilities, and more.

In November 2022, San Francisco voters approved Proposition L, the Sales Tax for Transportation Projects measure that will direct $2.6 billion (2020 dollars) in half-cent sales tax funds over 30 years. Prop L came into effect on April 1, 2023, superseding the previous half-cent sales tax, Prop K.

In November 2022, San Francisco voters approved Prop L, superseding the previous half-cent sales tax for transportation, Prop K, and approving a new 30-year Expenditure Plan identifying projects and programs to be funded by the sales tax. The Prop L Expenditure Plan prioritizes $2.6 billion (in 2020 dollars) and leverages over $20 billion in federal, state, and other local funds to help deliver safer, smoother streets, more reliable transit, continue paratransit services for seniors and persons with disabilities, reduce congestion, improve air quality, and more.

The Prop L Expenditure Plan describes the types of projects that are eligible for funds. It includes a paratransit operations category and twenty-seven programs comprising projects ranging from street resurfacing to new and upgraded traffic signals to pedestrian safety improvements to transit vehicle replacements. The Transportation Authority works with city agencies in five-year cycles to program half-cent sales tax funds to specific projects eligible for funds from the programs.

The Prop L Strategic Plan sets policy for administration of the half-cent sales tax program to ensure prudent stewardship of taxpayer funds. It also reconciles the timing of expected sales tax revenues with the schedule for when project sponsors need those revenues, and provides a solid financial basis for the issuance of debt needed to accelerate the delivery of projects and their associated benefits to the public.

Half-cent transportation sales tax funds support implementation of a complex suite of communications improvements providing real-time data links that connect a state of the art control center with transit vehicle location and mechanical status sensors, signalized intersections, train control systems, subway information and safety systems and much more.

The half-cent transportation sales tax-supported Valencia Bikeway Improvements project identified bikeway design options to upgrade the existing bike lanes given the high volume of cyclists on Valencia Street, history of bicycle-motor vehicle crashes, and evidence suggesting that illegal parking and loading within the bike lane is prevalent.

The half-cent transportation sales tax fund-supported Better Market Street project will deliver transformative transportation and street improvements along 2.2 miles of Market Street between Octavia Boulevard and Steuart Street.

Half-cent transportation sales tax funds support construction of new transit vehicle maintenance facilities and improvements for existing facilities to support SFMTA's fleet expansion and modernization effort.

Half-cent transportation sales tax funds supported Downtown Rail Extension project will extend Caltrain and future California High-Speed Rail service from the existing 4th and King railyard to the newly-constructed Salesforce Transit Center.

Half-cent transportation sales tax funds supported the Arguello Boulevard Safety Project will increase safety for people biking and walking along Arguello Boulevard though bike lane improvements, pedestrian refuge islands, sidewalk extensions, a transit boarding island, and more.

Half-cent transportation sales tax funds supported Presidio Parkway, which serves as a regional gateway between the Golden Gate Bridge and the city of San Francisco. The parkway is a replacement of Doyle Drive, a 1.6-mile segment of U.S. 101 that reopened on July 12, 2015.

Half-cent transportation sales tax funds supported ConnectSF, a multi-agency collaborative process to define a 50-year vision for an effective, equitable, and sustainable transportation system for San Francisco.

The half-cent transportation sales tax supported Geary Bus Rapid Transit project will improve Geary Boulevard with much-needed safety improvements and faster, more reliable bus service for the 54,000 people who use the 38 Geary and 38R Geary Rapid bus routes every day.

A centrifuge is critical for detecting diseases such as malaria, African sleeping sickness, HIV and tuberculosis. This low-cost version will enable precise diagnosis and treatment in the poor, off-the-grid regions where these diseases are most prevalent.

When used for disease testing, a centrifuge separates blood components and makes pathogens easier to detect. A typical centrifuge spins fluid samples inside an electric-powered, rotating drum. As the drum spins, centrifugal forces separate fluids by density into layers within a sample tube. In the case of blood, heavy red cells collect at the bottom of the tube, watery plasma floats to the top, and parasites, like those that cause malaria, settle in the middle.

Prakash, who specializes in low-cost diagnostic tools for underserved regions, recognized the need for a new type of centrifuge after he saw an expensive centrifuge being used as a doorstop in a rural clinic in Uganda because there was no electricity to run it.

After two weeks of prototyping, he mounted a capillary of blood on a paper-disc whirligig and was able to centrifuge blood into layers. It was a definitive proof-of-concept, but before he went to the next step in the design process, he and Prakash decided to tackle a scientific question no one else had: How does a whirligig actually work?

Bhamla and Prakash, who recently returned from fieldwork in Madagascar, are currently conducting a paperfuge field validation trial for malaria diagnostics with PIVOT and Institut Pasteur, community-health collaborators based in Madagascar.

The first was the foldscope, a fully functional, under-a-dollar paper microscope that can be used for diagnosing blood-borne diseases such as malaria, African sleeping sickness and Chagas. To date there are 50,000 foldscopes in the hands of people around the world, and a spinoff company recently launched a Kickstarter campaign to ship 1 million more.

Featured on the 10, 20 and 50-cent coins is the Kyrenia ship, a trading vessel which dates back to the fourth century BC and a symbol of Cyprus's seafaring history and its importance as a centre of trade.

Finland chose three designs based upon motifs similar to those used before on national coins. 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50-cent coins: these show the Finnish heraldic lion in a reproduction of a design by the sculptor Heikki Hivoja. The heraldic lion in a variety of designs has been used on several Finnish coins over the years, for example on the 1 markka coins between 1964 and 2001.

German officials and experts in numismatics chose three different designs for their euro coins. 10, 20 and 50-cent coins: the Brandenburg Gate, a symbol of the division of Germany and its subsequent reunification, is the motif used on these coins. The perspective of the design, by Reinhard Heinsdorff, emphasises the opening of the gate, stressing the unification of Germany and Europe.

The 10, 20 and 50-cent coins bear the Emblem of Malta, a shield displaying a heraldic representation of the Maltese national flag and supporting a mural crown that represents the fortifications of Malta and denotes a city state. The shield is bounded on the left by an olive branch and on the right by a palm branch, symbols of peace traditionally associated with Malta, forming a wreath tied at its base by a ribbon which carries the inscription "Repubblika ta' Malta" (Republic of Malta). 0852c4b9a8

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